Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and paracrine signaling in animals?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine signaling involves the release of hormones into the blood, affecting distant target cells, while paracrine signaling involves the release of chemical signals that affect nearby cells by diffusion.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to be observed?

Accepted Answer

Weight gain, lethargy, and intolerance to cold

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is classified as a steroid and is lipid-soluble?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

What is the main physiological reason why men who inject excessive synthetic testosterone (anabolic steroids) experience reduced sperm production and smaller testes?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback reduces the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why the same hormone, epinephrine, can have different effects on liver cells, skeletal muscle blood vessels, and intestinal blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Each cell type expresses different receptors and signal transduction pathways for epinephrine.

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct sequence for a hormone cascade starting from the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus → Anterior pituitary → Endocrine gland → Target cell

Question 7

Which of the following is true about water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to receptors located in the plasma membrane of target cells.

Question 8

Viagra helps men with erectile dysfunction by inhibiting the enzyme that terminates the action of nitric oxide (NO). What is the direct effect of this inhibition?

Accepted Answer

It prolongs vasodilation, increasing blood flow to the erectile tissue.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of autocrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

A cell releases a growth factor that binds to its own receptors, stimulating its own growth.

Question 10

Which feedback mechanism is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by reducing the original stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback

Question 11

Which organ is responsible for producing releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Weight gain

Question 13

Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is correct?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones regulate gene expression by binding to intracellular receptors.

Question 14

Which of the following is a local regulator that acts as both a neurotransmitter and a vasodilator?

Accepted Answer

Nitric oxide (NO)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the posterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

It releases neurohormones produced by the hypothalamus into the blood.

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between the number of ECTS credits and total study hours for the SVV course?

Accepted Answer

$$5 	imes 28 = 140$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about hormone receptors for lipid-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They are located in the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a simple endocrine route?

Accepted Answer

Low pH in the duodenum stimulates S cells to release secretin, which causes bicarbonate release from the pancreas.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of positive feedback in hormonal regulation?

Accepted Answer

It amplifies the original stimulus, leading to a stronger response.

Chemische signalen in dieren: Endocriene systemen en hormonale regulatie

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