Question 1

Which type of interspecific interaction is illustrated by the relationship between the cleaner wrasse and the moray eel, as shown in the first image?

Accepted Answer

Mutualism (+/+)

Question 2

In the experiment shown in the second image, what is the main reason Chthamalus barnacles occupy only the high tide zone in the presence of Balanus barnacles?

Accepted Answer

Balanus outcompetes Chthamalus for space at lower tides

Question 3

Which concept is best illustrated by the change in activity patterns of the golden spiny mouse when it coexists with the common spiny mouse, as shown in the third image?

Accepted Answer

Resource partitioning

Question 4

Which defense mechanism is demonstrated by the porcupine in the fourth image?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical defense

Question 5

What is the primary function of aposematic coloration, as seen in the poison dart frog in the sixth image?

Accepted Answer

To warn predators of toxicity

Question 6

Which type of mimicry is illustrated by the nonvenomous hawkmoth larva resembling the venomous green parrot snake in the eighth image?

Accepted Answer

Batesian mimicry

Question 7

In a food web, what is the trophic level of an organism that eats both plants and animals, such as a fox?

Accepted Answer

Omnivore

Question 8

According to the energetic hypothesis, if a food chain starts with 100 kg of plant material, approximately how much carnivore biomass can be supported at the third trophic level?

Accepted Answer

1 kg

Question 9

Which species type is most likely to dramatically alter its physical environment, as shown by the beavers in the nineteenth image?

Accepted Answer

Ecosystem engineer

Question 10

What does the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, illustrated by the graph in the twentieth image, predict about species diversity?

Accepted Answer

Species diversity is highest at intermediate disturbance levels

Question 11

Which equation is used to calculate the Shannon diversity index ($$H) $$for a community?

Accepted Answer

$$H = -\sum p_i \cdot \ln(p_i)$$

Question 12

If a community has 5 species, each with equal relative abundance, what is the value of $$p_i$$ for each species?

Accepted Answer

$$p_i = 0.2$$

Question 13

Which type of ecological succession occurs after a volcanic eruption creates a new island with no soil or life?

Accepted Answer

Primary succession

Question 14

What is the effect of removing a keystone species, such as the sea star in the seventeenth image, from a community?

Accepted Answer

Species diversity decreases

Question 15

Which interaction is illustrated by cattle egrets feeding on insects disturbed by grazing buffalo, as shown in the thirteenth image?

Accepted Answer

Commensalism (+/0)

Question 16

Which factor is most likely to increase the resistance of a community to invasion by introduced species?

Accepted Answer

High species diversity

Question 17

What is the main difference between a fundamental niche and a realized niche?

Accepted Answer

Fundamental niche is the potential space; realized niche is the actual space occupied

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of resource partitioning?

Accepted Answer

Two mouse species active at different times of day

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of foundation species in a community?

Accepted Answer

They are abundant and provide habitat or food for other species

Question 20

Which real-world scenario best illustrates secondary succession?

Accepted Answer

Revegetation of abandoned farmland

Community Ecology: Structure, Interactions, and Dynamics

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