Q: Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration, and what is the general chemical equation for this process?

Mitochondrion; $$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{ATP}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions in biological macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis removes water to form bonds, while hydrolysis adds water to break bonds.

Question 2

A mutation changes a DNA sequence from $$ 	ext{TAC}  to$$ $$ 	ext{TAG} . $$What type of mutation is this, and what is a possible effect on the resulting protein?

Accepted Answer

Point mutation; it may result in a premature stop codon.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature while saturated fatty acids are solid?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds causing kinks, preventing tight packing.

Question 4

Which scientist(s) provided evidence that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material by using radioactive labeling in bacteriophages?

Accepted Answer

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Question 5

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

It will shrink because water moves out of the cell.

Question 6

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration, and what is the general chemical equation for this process?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; $$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 ightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Electrons are donated by water and ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of DNA and its replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA is composed of nucleotides and is replicated semiconservatively.

Question 9

A patient is diagnosed with high LDL and low HDL levels. What does this indicate about their cholesterol transport and cardiovascular risk?

Accepted Answer

They have poor cholesterol removal and increased cardiovascular risk.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between passive and active transport across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Passive transport moves substances down their concentration gradient without energy, while active transport moves substances against their gradient using energy.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the S/A node in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It initiates the electrical impulse that sets the heart's rhythm.

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct order of structures in the hierarchy of biological organization, from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism

Question 13

A plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell and why?

Accepted Answer

It will become turgid as water enters, but the cell wall prevents bursting.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

They synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

Question 15

Given the Hardy-Weinberg equation $$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$, if p = 0.7$, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes in the population?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq = 2 	imes 0.7 	imes 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

It uses the flow of protons down their gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells; meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of Vitamin K in the human body?

Accepted Answer

It is fat-soluble and is essential for blood clotting.

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