Question 1

Which of the following best explains why evolution is considered the core theme of biology?

Accepted Answer

Because it explains the diversity and unity of life through the process of natural selection.

Question 2

A scientist is testing the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth. She sets up two groups: one receives the fertilizer, and the other does not. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

The presence or absence of fertilizer

Question 3

Which of the following statements about water is correct?

Accepted Answer

Water is a polar molecule because the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms, creating a partial negative charge near the oxygen.

Question 4

A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years. If you start with 80 grams, how much will remain after 30 years? Use the formula $$N = N_0$ 	imes (\frac{1}{2}$$)^{t/T_{1/2}$$}$$ where $$N_0 is $$the initial amount, $$t is $$time, and $$T_{1/2} is $$half-life.

Accepted Answer

$$10$$ grams

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 6

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of ATP during cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 7

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink. What type of solution is the cell in?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic solution

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed.

Question 9

During glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP molecules per molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$2$$ ATP

Question 10

Which of the following is the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 11

Which process in photosynthesis is responsible for the production of ATP and NADPH?

Accepted Answer

Light reactions

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 13

A woman with genotype $$Aa$$ for a gene and a man with genotype $$aa$$ have a child. What is the probability that the child will be homozygous recessive?

Accepted Answer

$$50\%$$

Question 14

Which experiment provided evidence that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Hershey-Chase experiment

Question 15

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primer?

Accepted Answer

Primase

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the structure of phospholipids explains why they form bilayers in water?

Accepted Answer

They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, making them amphipathic.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a buffer system in human blood that helps maintain pH?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer system: $$CO_2 + H_2O$$ \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow $$HCO_3^- + H$$^+$$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the law of independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation.

Question 20

Which of the following is a property of exergonic reactions?

Accepted Answer

They release free energy, and $$\Delta G \u003c 0.$$

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