Question 1

Which of the following best describes the type of interaction that helps form secondary structure in proteins?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds between the backbone atoms of the polypeptide chain

Question 2

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. Which type of solution is the cell in, and what is the primary mechanism responsible for this movement?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic solution; osmosis

Question 3

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction, increasing the reaction rate

Question 4

During cellular respiration, which process produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why oxygen is required for aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the function of lysosomes. Which cellular process is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport requires energy input, while passive transport does not

Question 8

If a mutation causes a cell to produce a nonfunctional sodium-potassium pump, what is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The cell will be unable to maintain its resting membrane potential

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between NADH and ATP production during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Each NADH molecule can generate approximately 2.5 ATP molecules via oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

A scientist is studying a protein that is embedded in the plasma membrane and allows glucose to enter the cell down its concentration gradient. Which type of transport is this protein involved in?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It uses the flow of protons down their electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and $$\mathrm{P_i}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct product of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate

Question 13

A researcher adds a chemical that blocks the function of all carrier proteins in a cell membrane. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

It is nearly universal among all organisms

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why fermentation is necessary in the absence of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

It regenerates NAD$$^+ so $$glycolysis can continue

Question 16

A geneticist is studying a trait that is inherited in a Mendelian fashion. If two heterozygous individuals are crossed, what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring?

Accepted Answer

3:1

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of lipids

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype determines the potential phenotype, but environmental factors can influence the actual phenotype expressed

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

It produces NADH and FADH$$_2$$ that carry electrons to the electron transport chain

Question 20

A scientist observes that a certain protein is only produced when a specific sugar is present in the environment. This is an example of which type of gene regulation?

Accepted Answer

Inducible operon

Comprehensive Review Topics for General Biology Final Exam

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