Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

It houses the electron transport chain and photosystems, enabling the generation of a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

Question 2

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, how is the increased concentration of $$\mathrm{H^+} in $$the thylakoid lumen generated?

Accepted Answer

By the splitting of water and the active transport of $$\mathrm{H^+}$$ via the electron transport chain.

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches the input and output of the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

Input: $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$, ATP, NADPH; Output: G3P (a sugar), ADP, NADP$$^+$$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the biosphere?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis produces $$\mathrm{O_2$}$$ and glucose, which are used in cellular respiration; cellular respiration produces $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ and water, which are used in photosynthesis.

Question 5

A plant cell is described as 'turgid.' What does this mean, and why is it important for non-woody plants?

Accepted Answer

The cell is swollen with water, providing structural support to the plant.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about xylem and phloem is correct?

Accepted Answer

Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to shoots and is composed mainly of dead cells; phloem transports sugars and is composed of living cells.

Question 7

Which plant tissue type is primarily responsible for photosynthesis and storage, and where is it most commonly found?

Accepted Answer

Ground tissue; found in leaves, stems, and roots.

Question 8

What is the main function of the Casparian strip in the endodermis of plant roots?

Accepted Answer

It forces water and dissolved substances to pass through the plasma membranes of endodermal cells, regulating entry into the vascular cylinder.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the pressure flow hypothesis for phloem transport?

Accepted Answer

Sugars move from source to sink tissues due to pressure differences created by active loading and unloading of sugars.

Question 10

Which of the following is a key innovation that evolved independently in both lycophytes and seed plants, and what was its significance?

Accepted Answer

Wood (secondary xylem); it allowed plants to grow larger and significantly impacted the carbon cycle.

Question 11

Which of the following best distinguishes between the symplastic and apoplastic pathways in plant roots?

Accepted Answer

The symplastic pathway involves movement through the cytoplasm via plasmodesmata, while the apoplastic pathway involves movement through cell walls and intercellular spaces.

Question 12

Which of the following is true regarding the phylogenetic relationships among nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, and seed plants?

Accepted Answer

Seed plants form a monophyletic group, while nonvascular and seedless vascular plants are paraphyletic.

Question 13

Which meristem is responsible for secondary growth in woody plants?

Accepted Answer

Vascular cambium

Question 14

Which of the following best defines an ecotype, and how might a common garden experiment help identify ecotypes?

Accepted Answer

A genetically distinct population adapted to local conditions; a common garden experiment reveals genetic differences by growing populations in the same environment.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a vital rate of a population?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Question 16

A population of frogs has the following age structure: a wide base and a narrow top. What does this indicate about the population's growth?

Accepted Answer

The population is expanding.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the logistic growth model and the role of carrying capacity ($$K$$)?

Accepted Answer

Population growth slows as it approaches $$K$$, and the rate of change is highest at intermediate population sizes.

Question 18

Which of the following equations correctly represents the logistic term that modifies exponential growth?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{K-N}{K}$$

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution in plants due to similar environmental conditions?

Accepted Answer

The independent evolution of wood in lycophytes and seed plants.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between dispersal and dispersion in population ecology?

Accepted Answer

Dispersal is the movement of individuals from their birthplace to new locations; dispersion is the spatial arrangement of individuals within a population.

Comprehensive Study Guidance for Biology 104 Exam 3 Topics

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