Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

Accepted Answer

Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, while lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid only.

Question 2

During the fermentation lab, you observed gas bubbles forming in a yeast solution. What gas was most likely being produced, and what does this indicate about the metabolic pathway being used?

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide; the yeast was undergoing alcoholic fermentation.

Question 3

Which of the following statements correctly compares mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 4

In animal cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by the formation of a cleavage furrow. How does cytokinesis differ in plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Plant cells form a cell plate that develops into a new cell wall.

Question 5

Which stage of the cell cycle is the longest, and what major event occurs during this stage?

Accepted Answer

Interphase; DNA replication and cell growth occur.

Question 6

A woman with genotype $$Aa$$ and a man with genotype $$aa$$ have a child. Using a Punnett square, what is the probability that their child will have the dominant phenotype?

Accepted Answer

$$50\%$$

Question 7

A blood sample is mixed with anti-A serum and agglutination occurs, but no agglutination occurs with anti-B serum. What is the blood type?

Accepted Answer

Type A

Question 8

In gel electrophoresis, what is the primary function of the buffer solution?

Accepted Answer

To conduct electricity and maintain pH during the separation of DNA fragments.

Question 9

If a DNA sample undergoes 4 cycles of PCR, and you start with 1 double-stranded DNA molecule, how many double-stranded DNA molecules will you have at the end? Use the formula $$N = N_0$ 	imes 2^n$$ where $$N_0 is $$the initial number and $$n is $$the number of cycles.

Accepted Answer

$$16$$

Question 10

Which enzyme is used to cut DNA at specific sequences when making recombinant DNA?

Accepted Answer

Restriction endonuclease

Question 11

A DNA sequence changes from $$5'	ext{-}ATG\,GCC\,TAA	ext{-}3' to$$ $$5'	ext{-}ATG\,GCA\,TAA	ext{-}3'. $$What type of mutation is this, and what is its likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation; one amino acid is changed.

Question 12

Which of the following best distinguishes a genetic disease from a communicable disease?

Accepted Answer

A genetic disease is inherited through DNA, while a communicable disease is caused by infectious agents and can be spread between individuals.

Question 13

A DNA sequence changes from $$5'	ext{-}ATG\,GCC\,TAA	ext{-}3' to$$ $$5'	ext{-}ATG\,GCC\,TGA	ext{-}3'. $$What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 14

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates differential survival and its role in evolution?

Accepted Answer

In a population of beetles, those with green shells are less likely to be eaten by birds and survive to reproduce more than brown-shelled beetles.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of making recombinant DNA?

Accepted Answer

Cutting DNA from two sources with restriction enzymes and joining them with ligase.

Question 16

A DNA sequence changes from $$5'	ext{-}ATG\,GCC\,TAA	ext{-}3' to$$ $$5'	ext{-}ATG\,GCT\,TAA	ext{-}3'. $$The amino acid sequence does not change. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

An extra nucleotide is inserted into a DNA sequence, altering the reading frame.

Question 18

In a gel electrophoresis experiment, two DNA samples show identical banding patterns. What can you infer about their genetic relationship?

Accepted Answer

They are likely genetically identical or closely related.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the purpose of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

To amplify a specific segment of DNA, generating millions of copies.

Question 20

A child inherits type O blood from their parents. Which of the following parental genotype combinations could produce a child with type O blood?

Accepted Answer

Both parents are heterozygous ($$I^A i$$ and $$I^B i).$$

Comprehensive Study Guidance for College Biology Units 8–14

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards