Q: Which of the following is a correct summary equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2} \rightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + \text{energy (ATP)}$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best summarizes the Endosymbiotic Theory regarding the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated when ancestral eukaryotic cells engulfed aerobic and photosynthetic prokaryotes, which then lived symbiotically within the host cell.

Question 2

A patient with Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) has a defect in which organelle, and what is the primary function of this organelle?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome; responsible for the breakdown of very long-chain fatty acids

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?

Accepted Answer

rER has ribosomes attached and synthesizes proteins for secretion, while sER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification.

Question 4

A cell is placed in a solution and begins to shrink. Which term best describes the solution, and what is happening to the water movement?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; water moves out of the cell

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct summary equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2} ightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{energy (ATP)}$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains how ATP hydrolysis can drive an endergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

ATP hydrolysis provides a phosphoryl group that forms a phosphorylated intermediate, coupling the exergonic hydrolysis to the endergonic reaction.

Question 7

A mutation in the gene encoding the CFTR protein leads to which disease, and what is the primary physiological effect?

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis; thick, sticky mucus accumulates in the lungs due to defective chloride ion transport

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

NAD+ is reduced to NADH, temporarily storing high-energy electrons that are later used in the electron transport chain.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information for the cell

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation in ATP production?

Accepted Answer

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate, while oxidative phosphorylation uses a proton gradient and ATP synthase.

Question 11

A scientist observes a cell with a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall. Which type of cell is this, and which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell; chloroplast

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of tight junctions in animal tissues?

Accepted Answer

They form a seal that prevents the passage of substances between adjacent cells.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct description of the three phases of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Fixation of CO$_2$, reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate, regeneration of RuBP

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia have high blood cholesterol levels?

Accepted Answer

They have defective LDL receptors, preventing receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL particles.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the proton gradient in chemiosmosis during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

The proton gradient drives protons through ATP synthase, which catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct balanced equation for the reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

$4\ \mathrm{H^+} + 4\ \mathrm{e^-} + \mathrm{O_2} \rightarrow 2\ \mathrm{H_2O}$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of PEP carboxylase in C4 and CAM plants?

Accepted Answer

It fixes CO$_2$ into a 4-carbon compound, allowing photosynthesis to occur efficiently under conditions of low CO$_2$ and high O$_2$.

Question 18

A patient with Progeria has a mutation affecting which cellular structure, and what is the consequence?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments (lamin A); leads to premature aging due to nuclear envelope instability

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why competitive inhibitors decrease the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

Accepted Answer

They bind to the active site, preventing substrate binding.

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