Q: If a DNA sample undergoes 4 cycles of PCR, how many copies of the original DNA fragment will be present, assuming perfect doubling each cycle? Use the formula $$N = N_0$ \times 2^n$$, where $$N_0 is $$the initial number of DNA molecules and $$n is $$the number of cycles.

$$N = 1 \times 2^4$ = 16$$ copies

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid fermentation produces lactate as the end product, while alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Question 2

During the fermentation lab, you observed gas bubbles forming in a yeast solution. What gas was most likely produced, and what does this indicate about the metabolic process occurring?

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide; indicating alcoholic fermentation.

Question 3

Which of the following statements correctly compares mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis maintains chromosome number, while meiosis reduces chromosome number by half.

Question 4

In plant cells, cytokinesis differs from animal cells because:

Accepted Answer

Plant cells form a cell plate due to the presence of a rigid cell wall, while animal cells form a cleavage furrow.

Question 5

Which stage of the cell cycle is the longest, and what major event occurs during this stage?

Accepted Answer

Interphase; cell growth and DNA replication.

Question 6

A woman with blood type A and a man with blood type B have a child with blood type O. What are the possible genotypes of the parents?

Accepted Answer

Mother: IAi; Father: IBi

Question 7

In a Punnett square cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa), what is the expected phenotypic ratio if 'A' is dominant over 'a'?

Accepted Answer

3:1

Question 8

A blood sample is mixed with anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Agglutination occurs with neither. What is the blood type?

Accepted Answer

Type O

Question 9

During gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are separated based on which property?

Accepted Answer

Their size (length in base pairs)

Question 10

What is the primary function of the buffer solution in gel electrophoresis?

Accepted Answer

To conduct electricity and maintain pH

Question 11

If a DNA sample undergoes 4 cycles of PCR, how many copies of the original DNA fragment will be present, assuming perfect doubling each cycle? Use the formula $$N = N_0$ 	imes 2^n$$, where $$N_0 is $$the initial number of DNA molecules and $$n is $$the number of cycles.

Accepted Answer

$$N = 1 	imes 2^4$ = 16$$ copies

Question 12

Which enzyme is used to join DNA fragments together when making recombinant DNA?

Accepted Answer

Ligase

Question 13

A DNA sequence changes from $$5'	ext{-}ATG\,GCC\,TAA	ext{-}3' to$$ $$5'	ext{-}ATG\,GCA\,TAA	ext{-}3'. $$What type of mutation is this, and what is its likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation; likely no change in the amino acid sequence.

Question 14

Which of the following best distinguishes a genetic disease from a communicable disease?

Accepted Answer

Genetic diseases are inherited through DNA mutations, while communicable diseases are caused by infectious agents.

Question 15

A mutation changes a codon from $$UAC ($$tyrosine) to $$UAA ($$stop). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 16

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates differential survival and its role in evolution?

Accepted Answer

Some individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more successfully, leading to an increase in those traits in the population over generations.

Question 17

A DNA sequence is altered by the insertion of a single nucleotide. What type of mutation is this, and what is its likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutation; alters the reading frame and likely changes all downstream amino acids.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the purpose of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

To amplify a specific segment of DNA, generating millions of copies.

Question 19

In a gel electrophoresis experiment, two DNA samples show identical banding patterns. What can you infer about their genetic relationship?

Accepted Answer

They are likely genetically identical or very closely related.

Question 20

Which enzyme is responsible for cutting DNA at specific sequences to create recombinant DNA?

Accepted Answer

Restriction endonuclease

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