Skip to main content
Back

Comprehensive Study Notes for College Biology: Genetics, Evolution, Ecology, and Physiology

NotesPracticeVideo lessons

Study Guide - Learn with Videos

Curated lessons matched to your uploaded material – learn every topic step by step.

Biogeography

  • Biogeography Example 2
    03:26
  • How Ecosystems Impact Species Distribution
    01:12
  • Biogeography Example 1
    02:43

Population Demography

  • Life Tables
    03:49
  • Population Demography Example 1
    02:18
  • Survivorship Curves
    02:54

Earth's Climate Patterns

  • Earth's Climate Patterns Example 1
    01:36
  • Earth's Climate Patterns Example 3
    01:36
  • Earth's Climate Patterns Example 5
    03:01

Factors Limiting Population Growth

  • Density-Dependent Factors
    02:37
  • Factors Limiting Population Growth
    00:51
  • Density-Dependent vs. Density-Independent Factors
    03:14

Introduction to Population Growth Models

  • Introduction to Population Growth Models Example 3
    02:52
  • Introduction to Population Growth Models
    01:09
  • Assumptions of Population Growth Models
    03:29

Linear Population Growth

  • Linear Population Growth
    02:47
  • Linear Population Growth Example 1
    01:39

Building Phylogenetic Trees

  • Shared Derived Characters
    05:42
  • Parsimony
    06:46
  • Building Phylogenetic Trees Example 1
    04:35

Hybrid Zones

  • Hybrid Zones Example 1
    02:37
  • Hybrid Zones
    04:38

Speciation Time Scales

  • Gradual Evolution vs. Punctuated Equilibrium
    03:23

Phylogenetics and Genome Evolution

  • The Molecular Clock
    05:13
  • Homologs: Orthologs & Paralogs
    05:29

Fungi Reproduction

  • Fungi Reproduction - 2
    04:54
  • Fungi Reproduction - 1
    09:27
  • Fungi Reproduction - 3
    03:12

The Fossil Record

  • Biases in the Fossil Record
    03:17
  • Fossils
    03:54
  • The Fossil Record Example 1
    02:59

History of Evolutionary Thought

  • Geological Thinking
    04:22
  • History of Evolutionary Theory Example 1
    02:45
  • Darwin and Wallace
    07:37

The Biological Species Concept

  • The Biological Species Concept Example 3
    02:15
  • Prezygotic Barriers
    05:18
  • The Biological Species Concept Example 1
    01:27

Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation

  • Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation
    02:46
  • Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation Example 1
    04:25
  • Allopatric Speciation
    03:53

Cladistics

  • Cladistics Example 1
    03:52
  • Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, & Polyphyletic Group
    06:37

Introduction to Phylogeny

  • Binomial Nomenclature
    02:32
  • Systematics
    06:57
  • Introduction to Phylogeny Example 1
    01:31

Assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle

  • Five Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
    06:16
  • Assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle Example 1
    04:13

Genetic Drift

  • Genetic Drift Example 1
    02:00
  • Genetic Drift Example 2
    02:37
  • Genetic Drift
    05:06

Evolution of Populations

  • Evolution of Populations Example 1
    03:33
  • Introduction to Evolution of Populations
    05:14

Putting it All Together

  • Putting it All Together
    11:28

Protist Life Cycles

  • Plasmodium Life Cycle (Malaria)
    04:56
  • Paramecium Life Cycle: Conjugation & Asexual Reproduction
    06:28
  • Protist Life Cycles Example 2
    01:22

Genetics and Allele Frequencies

  • Allele Frequencies
    06:36
  • Mendelian and Population Genetics
    04:26
  • Genetics and Allele Frequencies Example 1
    02:56

History of Life on Earth

  • History of Life on Earth Example 1
    04:53
  • Geologic Record
    07:18

Adaptive Radiation

  • Developmental Genes & Regulation
    06:12
  • Cambrian Explosion
    05:10
  • Adaptive Radiation Example 1
    06:17

Gene Flow

  • Gene Flow Example 1
    04:34
  • Gene Flow
    01:43

Non-Random Mating

  • Non-Random Mating
    04:09
  • Non-Random Mating Example 1
    04:19

Introduction to Speciation

  • Introduction to Speciation
    03:03

Other Species Concepts

  • Other Species Concepts Example 1
    03:42
  • Different Ways to Define Species
    08:17

Evolution of Complexity

  • Origin of Complex Traits
    06:15

Seed Plants

  • Seed Plants - 1
    06:26
  • Seed Plants - 3
    05:26
  • Seed Plants - 4
    10:21

Introduction to Population Ecology

  • Factors Affecting Population Size (N)
    01:48
  • Population Size & Density
    01:52
  • Introduction to Population Ecology Example 3
    01:51

Introduction to Community Interactions

  • Overview: Types of Community Interactions
    02:55
  • Introduction to Community Interactions Example 1
    02:23
  • Introduction to Community Interactions
    01:57

Introduction to Biology

  • Unicellular vs. Multicellular
    02:09
  • Introduction to Biology
    02:54
  • Introduction to Biology Channel
    1:28

Terrestrial Biomes: Near Equator

  • Terrestrial Biomes: Near Equator Example 1
    03:03
  • Savannas (Tropical Grasslands)
    01:02
  • Tropical Rainforests
    01:22

Prokaryotic Metabolism

  • Electron Source: Lithotrophs vs. Organotrophs
    03:21
  • Carbon Source: Heterotrophs vs. Autotrophs
    02:59
  • Introduction to Biofilms
    03:31

Prokaryotes in the Environment

  • Prokaryote Ecology
    05:34
  • The Human Microbiome
    03:25
  • Introduction to Pathogenic Toxins
    03:40

Evolution of Protists

  • Secondary Endosymbiosis Led to Several Eukaryotic Lineages
    02:37
  • Evolution of Protists Example 1
    01:43
  • Primary Endosymbiosis Gave Rise to Eukaryotes
    01:37

Meiosis II

  • Meiosis II
    06:17

Tissues

  • Epidermal and Ground Tissue
    05:39
  • Ground Tissue Cells
    04:03
  • Vascular Tissue
    06:58

Soil and Nutrients

  • Ion Exclusion
    04:51
  • Soil Nutrients
    03:25
  • Cation Exchange
    06:26

Adaptive Immunity

  • Helper T Cells and B Cells
    04:06
  • Lymphocytes
    04:23
  • Immunization and Autoimmunity
    07:51

Exponential Population Growth

  • Exponential Population Growth Example 2
    07:34
  • Exponential Population Growth
    03:05
  • Exponential Population Growth Equations
    06:35

The Human Population

  • The Human Population Example 1
    02:36
  • The Human Population Example 2
    02:01
  • Age-Structure Affects a Country's Human Population Growth
    02:45

Logistic Population Growth

  • Summary of Key Features & Assumptions for Each Population Growth Model
    07:28
  • Logistic Growth in a Limited Environment
    05:00
  • Logistic Population Growth Example 1
    04:28

Introduction to Prokaryotes

  • Introduction to Archaea
    04:39
  • Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
    05:54
  • Features of Bacterial Cells
    03:54

Nonvascular Plants

  • Nonvascular Plants - 2
    07:32
  • Nonvascular Plants - 1
    06:16

Land Plants

  • Land Plants - 4
    06:17
  • Land Plants - 2
    12:57
  • Land Plants - 3
    03:36

Seedless Vascular Plants

  • Seedless Vascular Plants
    06:08

Atoms - Smallest Unit of Matter

  • Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter Example 1
    02:13
  • Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter Example 3
    03:51
  • Electron Orbitals & Energy Shells
    09:44

Introduction to Protists

  • What is a Protist?
    03:23
  • Introduction to Protists Example 1
    02:30
  • Introduction to Protists Example 2
    01:39

Natural Selection

  • Natural Selection Example 2
    05:11
  • Natural Selection: Observations and Inferences
    04:12
  • Natural Selection Example 1
    02:19

Introduction to Ecology

  • Levels of Ecological Study
    05:01
  • Introduction to Ecology Example 1
    02:31
  • Environment vs. Habitat vs. Niche
    01:57

Community Interactions: Mutualism (+/+) & Commensalism (+/0)

  • Positive Interactions
    02:56
  • Summary of Community Interactions
    01:52

Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon

  • Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon
    06:24

Krebs Cycle

  • Krebs Cycle Example 1
    01:20
  • Krebs Cycle
    01:37
  • Phases of The Krebs Cycle
    09:54

Introduction to DNA Replication

  • Unwinding the DNA: Topoisomerase, Helicase & SSBs
    05:10
  • Components of DNA Replication
    04:47
  • Origin of Replication
    03:33

Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression

  • Positive vs Negative Gene Regulation
    02:17
  • Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression
    06:40

Test Crosses

  • Test Crosses
    03:02
  • Steps to Performing a Test Cross
    05:05

Punnett Square Probability

  • Rule of Multiplication (the AND Rule)
    06:30
  • Rule of Addition (the OR Rule)
    05:58
  • Punnett Square Probability
    03:38

Non-Mendelian Genetics

  • Pleiotropy
    02:18
  • Multifactorial Characters
    01:39
  • Polygenic Inheritance
    02:27

Dihybrid Crosses

  • Dihybrid Crosses
    02:37
  • Dihybrid Crosses & Punnett Squares
    03:34

Epistasis

  • Epistasis
    05:37

Incomplete Dominance vs. Codominance

  • Codominance
    02:59
  • Codominance & Blood Type
    05:15
  • Incomplete Dominance
    03:09

Mendel's Laws

  • Mendel's Laws
    01:16
  • Law of Segregation
    03:24
  • Law of Independent Assortment
    06:44

Autosomal Inheritance

  • Autosomal Inheritance
    01:02
  • Autosomal Disorders
    05:21

X-Inactivation

  • X-Inactivation
    05:33

Sex-Linked Inheritance

  • X-Linked Recessive Pedigrees
    03:42
  • Sex-Linked Inheritance
    04:17
  • X-Linked Recessive Disorder: Hemophilia Inheritance
    04:37

Pedigrees

  • How to Read Pedigrees
    03:21
  • Pedigrees
    02:36

Discovering the Structure of DNA

  • Detailed DNA Structure
    06:24
  • Discovering the Structure of DNA
    04:41

Introduction to Mendel's Experiments

  • Why Pea Plants?
    01:58
  • Introduction to Mendel's Experiments
    03:50

Population Sampling Methods

  • Sampling Mobile Organisms: Mark & Recapture
    03:12
  • Population Sampling Methods Example 1
    01:54
  • Sampling Stationary Organisms: Transects & Quadrats
    02:31

Interphase

  • Centrosomes & Mitotic Spindles
    04:02
  • Interphase
    08:05

Dideoxy Sequencing

  • Chain-Termination PCR
    07:37
  • Dideoxy Sequencing
    01:03
  • Determining the DNA Sequence from a Gel
    06:28

Cytokinesis

  • Animal Cell Cytokinesis
    02:56
  • Cytokinesis
    01:25
  • Cytokinesis Example 1
    01:59

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

  • Endocytosis and Exocytosis Example 1
    01:52
  • Endocytosis Allows Entry to the Cell
    04:18
  • Exocytosis Allows Exiting from the Cell
    02:28

Gel Electrophoresis

  • Gel Electrophoresis
    07:58
  • Gel Electrophoresis Example 1
    02:34

Introduction to DNA-Based Technology

  • Map of DNA-Based Technology Lesson
    03:12
  • Introduction to DNA-Based Technology
    02:30

DNA Fingerprinting

  • Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)
    03:41
  • DNA Fingerprinting
    03:30

Introduction to DNA Cloning

  • Introduction to DNA Cloning
    02:25
  • Cloning with Recombinant DNA
    03:41

C3, C4 & CAM Plants

  • C3, C4 & CAM Plants
    04:34
  • Comparing 3 Types of Photosynthetic Plants
    14:52

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic Acids Example 2
    01:05
  • Formation & Breakdown of Nucleic Acids
    04:07
  • DNA vs. RNA
    05:57

Enzymes

  • Functions of Enzymes
    02:32
  • Enzymes Example 1
    02:25
  • Enzymes
    02:55

Life Cycle of Sexual Reproducers

  • Life Cycle of Sexual Reproducers
    04:14

The Griffith Experiment

  • The Griffith Experiment
    08:56

Genetic Variation During Meiosis

  • Genetic Variation During Meiosis
    07:08
  • Nondisjunction
    05:03
  • Independent Assortment
    08:49

Steps of DNA Replication

  • Steps of DNA Replication
    09:29

Telomeres

  • Telomeres
    04:25

Photorespiration

  • Photorespiration
    14:32

Covalent Bonds

  • Covalent Bonds
    04:28
  • Polar Covalent Bonds
    06:59
  • Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
    06:41

Eukaryotic Supergroups: Exploring Protist Diversity

  • Overview of the Four Supergroups of Eukaryotes
    03:01

Leading & Lagging DNA Strands

  • Leading & Lagging DNA Strands
    05:15

Porifera and Cnidaria

  • Porifera and Cnidaria
    10:20

Primates and Homonids

  • Homonids
    11:30
  • Primates
    05:26

Review of the Cell Cycle

  • Memorizing the Steps of the Cell Cycle
    03:21

Plant Defenses

  • Herbivore Defenses
    05:37
  • Pathogen Defenses
    08:59

Prokaryotic Gene Regulation via Operons

  • Inducible Operons
    04:25
  • Prokaryotic Gene Regulation via Operons
    00:53
  • Repressible Operons
    03:42

Introduction to Community Interactions

  • Overview: Types of Community Interactions
    02:55
  • Introduction to Community Interactions Example 1
    02:23
  • Introduction to Community Interactions
    01:57

Community Interactions: Competition (-/-)

  • Resource Partitioning (Partial Niche Overlap)
    03:57
  • Competitive Exclusion Principle (Complete Niche Overlap)
    04:23
  • Community Interactions: Competition (-/-) Example 1
    04:23

Properties of Water- Thermal

  • Properties of Water- Thermal
    04:07
  • Water’s High Specific Heat
    03:25
  • Water’s High Heat of Vaporization
    03:31

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

  • Functions of Pili
    01:46
  • Pili
    01:02
  • Endospores
    05:35

Immune System

  • Immune System
    09:33

Calvin Cycle

  • 3 Phases of the Calvin Cycle (C3 Pathway)
    10:58
  • Calvin Cycle
    03:42

Community Interactions: Exploitation (+/-)

  • 1) Exploitation (+/-): Predation
    01:42
  • 3) Exploitation (+/-): Parasitism
    02:37
  • Community Interactions: Exploitation (+/–)
    00:49

Plant Development

  • Embryogenesis and Body Axes
    03:15
  • Embryonic Plant Development
    06:02
  • Embryonic Tissues and Pattern Formation
    04:31

Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration

  • Lactic Acid Fermentation
    03:34
  • What Happens to Aerobic Organisms if There's No Oxygen?
    07:51
  • Alcohol Fermentation
    02:02

Types of Phosphorylation

  • Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
    03:00
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
    06:27
  • Types of Phosphorylation
    01:06

Making Sense of Ecosystem Production & Efficiency

  • Making Sense of Ecosystem Production & Efficiency
    07:47
  • Financial Analogy for Ecosystem Production & Efficiency
    07:23

Nitrogen Fixation

  • Nitrogen Cycle
    06:31
  • Nodules
    09:47

Homologous Chromosomes

  • Homologous Chromosomes
    08:09

Fungi

  • Fungi - 1
    08:59
  • Fungi - 2
    09:57

Introduction to Transcription

  • Overview of Transcription
    07:44
  • Introduction to Transcription
    05:51

Steps of Transcription

  • 3) Termination of Transcription
    02:44
  • 1) Initiation of Transcription
    04:16
  • 2) Elongation of Transcription
    04:01

Eukaryotic RNA Processing and Splicing

  • Eukaryotic RNA Processing and Splicing
    02:32
  • 2) RNA Splicing Creates Mature mRNA
    08:44
  • 1) RNA Processing
    04:19

Glucose's Impact on Lac Operon

  • Positive Control by cAMP & CRP
    08:32
  • Glucose's Impact on Lac Operon Example 1
    06:20
  • GlucoseLevels, cAMP, & the Lac Operon
    05:58

Introduction to Types of RNA

  • Introduction to Types of RNA
    07:20

Eukaryotic Chromatin Modifications

  • Eukaryotic Chromatin Modifications
    03:55
  • Histone Acetylation
    04:14
  • DNA Methylation
    03:39

Circulatory and Respiratory Anatomy

  • Lymphatic System
    02:15
  • Lung Anatomy
    06:24
  • Gas Exchange and Circulation
    06:28

Introduction to the Cell Cycle

  • Introduction to the Cell Cycle
    04:46

Phylogeny

  • Phylogeny Example 3
    04:12
  • Parts of a Phylogenetic Tree
    05:16
  • Phylogeny Example 1
    06:11

Ecdysozoans

  • Nematodes
    02:05
  • Crustaceans and Hexapods
    13:55
  • Arthropods and Chelicerata
    08:00

Growth

  • Root Growth
    05:29
  • Primary Meristems
    07:52
  • Secondary Growth
    06:52

Echinoderms

  • Echinoderms
    03:39

Lophotrochozoans

  • Lophotrochozoans
    11:32
  • Mollusks and Annelids
    06:13

Prokaryotic Reproduction

  • Transduction
    06:49
  • Bacterial Transformation
    03:06
  • Plasmids
    04:44

Chordates

  • Chordates
    05:34
  • Bony Fish
    05:21
  • Tetrapods
    05:57

Isotopes

  • Isotopes
    06:50
  • Radioactive Isotopes
    02:37

Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles

  • Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles
    03:45
  • Ribosomes
    06:51
  • Map of the Lesson on Eukaryotic Organelles
    02:43

Osmosis

  • Osmosis Example 1
    02:18
  • Osmosis
    05:59
  • Direction of Osmosis
    06:48

Passive vs. Active Transport

  • Classes of Membrane Transport Proteins
    03:28
  • Passive vs. Active Transport
    04:18

Glycolysis

  • Phases of Glycolysis
    06:20
  • Glycolysis Example 1
    01:29
  • Remembering Phases of Glycolysis
    02:49

Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

  • Map of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
    04:22
  • Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
    03:47

Proteins

  • Protein Structure
    08:02
  • Amino Acids
    04:37
  • Proteins
    02:50

Redox Reactions

  • Redox Reactions Example 1
    01:44
  • Electron Carriers: NADH & FADH2
    05:22
  • Redox Reactions
    04:47

Chemiosmosis

  • Chemiosmosis
    05:01

Cell Junctions

  • Cell Junctions
    05:33

Endomembrane System: Digestive Organelles

  • Central Vacuole
    03:35
  • Lysosomes & Peroxisomes
    05:38

Central Dogma

  • Central Dogma
    05:45

Osmoregulation and Excretion

  • Loop of Henle
    06:25
  • Glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule
    04:07
  • Active and Passive Transport
    06:32

Simple and Facilitated Diffusion

  • Simple and Facilitated Diffusion
    05:10
  • Transport Proteins of Facilitated Diffusion
    04:49

Stages of Photosynthesis

  • Stages of Photosynthesis
    03:16
  • Map of the Lesson on Photosynthesis
    02:41

Introduction to Ecosystems

  • Grazing & Detritus-Based Food Chains
    03:29
  • Introduction to Ecosystems Example 2
    01:57
  • Introduction to Ecosystems
    04:07

Review of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

  • Total Products for Each Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
    07:25
  • Review of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
    07:51

Scientific Method

  • Scientific Method Example 1
    01:35
  • Basic Theories of Biology
    03:03
  • Scientific Method
    06:29