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Comprehensive Study Notes: Foundations of Cell Biology, Genetics, Physiology, and Evolution

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Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

  • Recap: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
    04:26
  • Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
    05:54
  • Features of Bacterial Cells
    03:54

Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles

  • Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles
    03:45
  • Ribosomes
    06:51
  • Map of the Lesson on Eukaryotic Organelles
    02:43

Cell Junctions

  • Cell Junctions
    05:33

Introduction to Cell Signaling

  • Introduction to Cell Signaling
    05:03
  • 3 Steps of Cell Signaling
    04:37

Introduction to Cell Division

  • Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
    04:45
  • Introduction to Cell Division
    09:40
  • Importance of Cell Division
    03:19

Introduction to the Cell Cycle

  • Introduction to the Cell Cycle
    04:46

Interphase

  • Centrosomes & Mitotic Spindles
    04:02
  • Interphase
    08:05

Phases of Mitosis

  • Phases of Mitosis
    03:21
  • Metaphase
    01:58
  • Prometaphase
    03:20

Cytokinesis

  • Animal Cell Cytokinesis
    02:56
  • Cytokinesis
    01:25
  • Cytokinesis Example 1
    01:59

Introduction to Aerobic Cellular Respiration

  • Introduction to Cellular Respiration Example 2
    01:53
  • Aerobic Cellular Respiration is a Redox Reaction
    04:18
  • Stages of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
    02:31

Glycolysis

  • Phases of Glycolysis
    06:20
  • Glycolysis Example 1
    01:29
  • Remembering Phases of Glycolysis
    02:49

Pyruvate Oxidation

  • Pyruvate Oxidation
    04:38

Krebs Cycle

  • Krebs Cycle Example 1
    01:20
  • Krebs Cycle
    01:37
  • Phases of The Krebs Cycle
    09:54

Electron Transport Chain

  • Remembering the ETC
    04:43
  • Electron Transport Chain
    07:41

Chemiosmosis

  • Chemiosmosis
    05:01

Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration

  • Lactic Acid Fermentation
    03:34
  • What Happens to Aerobic Organisms if There's No Oxygen?
    07:51
  • Alcohol Fermentation
    02:02

Viruses

  • Virus Structure
    05:
  • Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles
    08:05
  • Viroids and Prions
    04:22

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

  • Functions of Pili
    01:46
  • Pili
    01:02
  • Endospores
    05:35

Introduction to DNA Replication

  • Unwinding the DNA: Topoisomerase, Helicase & SSBs
    05:10
  • Components of DNA Replication
    04:47
  • Origin of Replication
    03:33

Central Dogma

  • Central Dogma
    05:45

Introduction to Transcription

  • Overview of Transcription
    07:44
  • Introduction to Transcription
    05:51

Introduction to Types of RNA

  • Introduction to Types of RNA
    07:20

Genetic Code

  • How to Use the Genetic Code
    11:39
  • Genetic Code
    01:28

Introduction to Translation

  • Ribosomal tRNA Binding Sites
    06:16
  • Ribosome Subunits
    08:42
  • Introduction to Translation
    06:12

Mutations

  • Mutations
    02:29
  • Types of Mutations
    08:44

Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression

  • Positive vs Negative Gene Regulation
    02:17
  • Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression
    06:40

Organization of DNA in the Cell

  • DNA Replication
    05:46
  • Organization of DNA in the Cell
    06:52

Genes & Alleles

  • Genes & Alleles Example 1
    02:09
  • Genes & Alleles
    05:02
  • Haploid vs. Diploid Cells
    04:14

Homologous Chromosomes

  • Homologous Chromosomes
    08:09

Introduction to Meiosis

  • Introduction to Meiosis Example 1
    01:43
  • Meiosis I & Meiosis II
    04:49
  • Introduction to Meiosis
    04:33

Meiosis I

  • Meiosis I
    07:55

Meiosis II

  • Meiosis II
    06:17

Genetic Variation During Meiosis

  • Genetic Variation During Meiosis
    07:08
  • Nondisjunction
    05:03
  • Independent Assortment
    08:49

Mitosis & Meiosis Review

  • Mitosis & Meiosis Review Example 1
    01:27

Introduction to Mendel's Experiments

  • Why Pea Plants?
    01:58
  • Introduction to Mendel's Experiments
    03:50

Genotype vs. Phenotype

  • Genotype & Phenotype
    06:36
  • Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles
    03:39

Punnett Squares

  • How to Use Punnett Squares
    07:05
  • Punnett Squares
    01:37

Mendel's Experiments

  • Self-Fertilization Experiment: True-Breeding vs. Hybrid Plants
    05:48
  • Mendel's Experiments
    03:02
  • Cross-Fertilization Experiment: Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles
    05:04

Mendel's Laws

  • Mendel's Laws
    01:16
  • Law of Segregation
    03:24
  • Law of Independent Assortment
    06:44

Monohybrid Crosses

  • Monohybrid Crosses Example 1
    03:12
  • Genotypic vs. Phenotypic Ratio
    02:48
  • Monohybrid Crosses
    02:05

Test Crosses

  • Test Crosses
    03:02
  • Steps to Performing a Test Cross
    05:05

Dihybrid Crosses

  • Dihybrid Crosses
    02:37
  • Dihybrid Crosses & Punnett Squares
    03:34

Punnett Square Probability

  • Rule of Multiplication (the AND Rule)
    06:30
  • Rule of Addition (the OR Rule)
    05:58
  • Punnett Square Probability
    03:38

Incomplete Dominance vs. Codominance

  • Codominance
    02:59
  • Codominance & Blood Type
    05:15
  • Incomplete Dominance
    03:09

Epistasis

  • Epistasis
    05:37

Non-Mendelian Genetics

  • Pleiotropy
    02:18
  • Multifactorial Characters
    01:39
  • Polygenic Inheritance
    02:27

Pedigrees

  • How to Read Pedigrees
    03:21
  • Pedigrees
    02:36

Autosomal Inheritance

  • Autosomal Inheritance
    01:02
  • Autosomal Disorders
    05:21

Sex-Linked Inheritance

  • X-Linked Recessive Pedigrees
    03:42
  • Sex-Linked Inheritance
    04:17
  • X-Linked Recessive Disorder: Hemophilia Inheritance
    04:37

X-Inactivation

  • X-Inactivation
    05:33

The Griffith Experiment

  • The Griffith Experiment
    08:56

The Hershey-Chase Experiment

  • The Hershey-Chase Experiment
    03:59
  • Bacteriophages
    03:44

Chargaff's Rules

  • Chargaff's Rules
    04:33

Discovering the Structure of DNA

  • Detailed DNA Structure
    06:24
  • Discovering the Structure of DNA
    04:41

Meselson-Stahl Experiment

  • Meselson-Stahl Experiment
    09:03

DNA Polymerases

  • DNA Polymerase Requirements
    05:03
  • DNA Polymerases
    04:01

Leading & Lagging DNA Strands

  • Leading & Lagging DNA Strands
    05:15

Steps of DNA Replication

  • Steps of DNA Replication
    09:29

DNA Repair

  • DNA Repair
    03:20
  • DNA Proofreading & Repair Enzymes
    02:12

Telomeres

  • Telomeres
    04:25

Enzymes

  • Functions of Enzymes
    02:32
  • Enzymes Example 1
    02:25
  • Enzymes
    02:55

Enzyme Activation Energy

  • Enzyme Activation Energy
    04:18
  • Enzymes Lower Activation Energy
    03:26

Enzyme Binding Factors

  • Cofactors
    04:22
  • Enzyme-Substrate Complex
    03:49

Enzyme Inhibition

  • Enzyme Inhibition
    05:03

Introduction to Metabolism

  • Introduction to Metabolism
    02:17
  • Catabolic & Anabolic Pathways
    03:25

Introduction to Energy

  • Thermodynamics: System vs. Surroundings
    04:21
  • Introduction to Energy
    04:58

Laws of Thermodynamics

  • Second Law of Thermodynamics
    02:53
  • Entropy
    03:21
  • First Law of Thermodynamics
    04:43

Chemical Reactions

  • Chemical Reactions
    01:56
  • Types of Chemical Reactions
    05:48

Negative & Positive Feedback

  • Positive Feedback
    02:19
  • Negative Feedback
    02:41

Redox Reactions

  • Redox Reactions Example 1
    01:44
  • Electron Carriers: NADH & FADH2
    05:22
  • Redox Reactions
    04:47

Introduction to Ecology

  • Levels of Ecological Study
    05:01
  • Introduction to Ecology Example 1
    02:31
  • Environment vs. Habitat vs. Niche
    01:57

Evolution of Populations

  • Guided course
    Evolution of Populations Example 1
    03:33
  • Guided course
    Introduction to Evolution of Populations
    05:14

Genetic Variation

  • Guided course
    Sources of Genetic Variation
    02:16
  • Guided course
    Sexual Reproduction and Recombination
    05:08
  • Guided course
    Mutations
    06:42

Genetics and Allele Frequencies

  • Guided course
    Allele Frequencies
    06:36
  • Guided course
    Mendelian and Population Genetics
    04:26
  • Guided course
    Genetics and Allele Frequencies Example 1
    02:56

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

  • Guided course
    Predicting Allele or Genotype Frequencies Using Hardy-Weinberg
    03:31
  • Guided course
    Testing if a Population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
    08:26
  • Guided course
    B. Calculating Allele Frequency from a Genotype Frequency
    03:20

Assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle

  • Guided course
    Five Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
    06:16
  • Guided course
    Assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle Example 1
    04:13

Non-Random Mating

  • Guided course
    Non-Random Mating
    04:09
  • Guided course
    Non-Random Mating Example 1
    04:19

Natural Selection

  • Guided course
    Sexual Selection
    06:17
  • Guided course
    Natural Selection
    04:43
  • Guided course
    Natural Selection Example 3
    04:18

Genetic Drift

  • Guided course
    Genetic Drift Example 1
    02:00
  • Guided course
    Genetic Drift Example 2
    02:37
  • Guided course
    Genetic Drift
    05:06

Gene Flow

  • Guided course
    Gene Flow Example 1
    04:34
  • Guided course
    Gene Flow
    01:43

Putting it All Together

  • Guided course
    Putting it All Together
    11:28

Introduction to Speciation

  • Guided course
    Introduction to Speciation
    03:03

The Biological Species Concept

  • Guided course
    The Biological Species Concept Example 3
    02:15
  • Guided course
    Prezygotic Barriers
    05:18
  • Guided course
    The Biological Species Concept Example 1
    01:27

Other Species Concepts

  • Guided course
    Other Species Concepts Example 1
    03:42
  • Guided course
    Different Ways to Define Species
    08:17

Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation

  • Guided course
    Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation
    02:46
  • Guided course
    Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation Example 1
    04:25
  • Guided course
    Allopatric Speciation
    03:53

Hybrid Zones

  • Guided course
    Hybrid Zones Example 1
    02:37
  • Guided course
    Hybrid Zones
    04:38

Speciation Time Scales

  • Guided course
    Gradual Evolution vs. Punctuated Equilibrium
    03:23

Origin of Life

  • Guided course
    Origin of Life Example 1
    03:23
  • Guided course
    Events that Lead to the Formation of Cells
    06:38

The Fossil Record

  • Guided course
    Biases in the Fossil Record
    03:17
  • Guided course
    Fossils
    03:54
  • Guided course
    The Fossil Record Example 1
    02:59

History of Life on Earth

  • Guided course
    History of Life on Earth Example 1
    04:53
  • Guided course
    Geologic Record
    07:18

Extinctions

  • Guided course
    Cretaceous Extinction
    04:55
  • Guided course
    Extinctions
    04:48
  • Guided course
    Sixth Extinction
    02:29

Adaptive Radiation

  • Guided course
    Developmental Genes & Regulation
    06:12
  • Guided course
    Cambrian Explosion
    05:10
  • Guided course
    Adaptive Radiation Example 1
    06:17

Evolution of Complexity

  • Guided course
    Origin of Complex Traits
    06:15

Introduction to Phylogeny

  • Guided course
    Binomial Nomenclature
    02:32
  • Guided course
    Systematics
    06:57
  • Guided course
    Introduction to Phylogeny Example 1
    01:31

Phylogeny

  • Guided course
    Phylogeny Example 3
    04:12
  • Guided course
    Parts of a Phylogenetic Tree
    05:16
  • Guided course
    Phylogeny Example 1
    06:11

Building Phylogenetic Trees

  • Guided course
    Shared Derived Characters
    05:42
  • Guided course
    Parsimony
    06:46
  • Guided course
    Building Phylogenetic Trees Example 1
    04:35

Cladistics

  • Guided course
    Cladistics Example 1
    03:52
  • Guided course
    Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, & Polyphyletic Group
    06:37

Phylogenetics and Genome Evolution

  • Guided course
    The Molecular Clock
    05:13
  • Guided course
    Homologs: Orthologs & Paralogs
    05:29