Q: A scientist wants to estimate the population size of a rare frog species in a wetland. She captures and marks 40 frogs, releases them, and later captures 50 frogs, 10 of which are marked. Using the mark-recapture method, what is the estimated population size $$N$$? (Use $$N = \frac{(number\ marked\ first\ catch) \times (total\ caught\ second\ time)}{number\ marked\ recaptured})$$

$$N = \frac{40 \times 50}{10} = 200$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing scientists to insert or remove genes.

Question 2

A scientist wants to estimate the population size of a rare frog species in a wetland. She captures and marks 40 frogs, releases them, and later captures 50 frogs, 10 of which are marked. Using the mark-recapture method, what is the estimated population size $$N$$? (Use $$N = \frac{(number\ marked\ first\ catch) 	imes (total\ caught\ second\ time)}{number\ marked\ recaptured})$$

Accepted Answer

$$N = \frac{40 	imes 50}{10} = 200$$

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of frequency-dependent selection?

Accepted Answer

A predator prefers the most common color morph of a prey species, so rare morphs have a survival advantage.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is correct?

Accepted Answer

It describes a population in which allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary forces.

Question 5

A population of rabbits has the following genotype frequencies: $$AA = 0.36$$, $$Aa = 0.48$$, $$aa = 0.16. $$What are the allele frequencies for $$A$$ and $$a$$? (Use $$p = frequency\ of\ A$$, $$q = frequency\ of\ a)$$

Accepted Answer

$$p = 0.6$$, $$q = 0.4$$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient?

Accepted Answer

Most energy is lost as heat due to metabolic processes, and only about 10% is passed to the next level.

Question 7

Which scenario best illustrates the founder effect?

Accepted Answer

A small group of birds colonizes a new island, and their descendants show reduced genetic variation compared to the original population.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of mutualism?

Accepted Answer

Bees pollinate flowers while collecting nectar, benefiting both species.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between exponential growth and logistic growth in populations?

Accepted Answer

Exponential growth occurs when resources are unlimited, while logistic growth includes the effect of carrying capacity ($$K) $$limiting population size.

Question 10

Which of the following is a vestigial structure in humans?

Accepted Answer

The appendix, which has lost most of its original digestive function.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the process of DNA cloning used to produce human insulin?

Accepted Answer

The human insulin gene is inserted into a plasmid, which is then introduced into bacteria. The bacteria express the gene and produce insulin.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a condition required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection must be occurring.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of secondary succession?

Accepted Answer

A forest regrows after a wildfire removes most vegetation but leaves the soil intact.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect?

Accepted Answer

Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, raising Earth's average temperature.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of gene therapy resulting in loss of human life?

Accepted Answer

A patient died from a severe immune reaction after receiving a viral vector carrying a therapeutic gene.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why fossils are rare?

Accepted Answer

Most organisms decompose before they can be preserved, and fossilization requires specific conditions.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of density-independent regulation of population growth?

Accepted Answer

A hurricane kills a large proportion of a population regardless of its size.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

Accepted Answer

Homologous structures share a common evolutionary origin, while analogous structures have similar functions but evolved independently.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)?

Accepted Answer

PCR amplifies a specific DNA sequence through repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.

Question 20

Which of the following is a consequence of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems?

Accepted Answer

Depletion of oxygen in water, leading to fish kills and loss of biodiversity.

Comprehensive Study Notes: Genomics, Evolution, Population & Community Ecology, and Ecosystems

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