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Cumulative Biology Study Guide: Core Concepts from Chapters 1–16 & 26

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Characteristics of Life

  • Characteristics of Life
    09:26
  • Characteristics of Life Example 1
    02:59

Life's Organizational Hierarchy

  • Life's Organizational Hierarchy
    09:50
  • Emergent Properties
    04:05
  • Life's Organizational Hierarchy Example 1
    03:05

Scientific Method

  • Scientific Method Example 1
    01:35
  • Basic Theories of Biology
    03:03
  • Scientific Method
    06:29

Atoms - Smallest Unit of Matter

  • Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter Example 1
    02:13
  • Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter Example 3
    03:51
  • Electron Orbitals & Energy Shells
    09:44

Isotopes

  • Isotopes
    06:50
  • Radioactive Isotopes
    02:37

Introduction to Chemical Bonding

  • Introduction to Chemical Bonding Example 1
    1:59
  • Intramolecular vs. Intermolecular Bonds
    03:53
  • Map of the Lesson on Chemical Bonding
    02:42

Covalent Bonds

  • Covalent Bonds
    04:28
  • Polar Covalent Bonds
    06:59
  • Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
    06:41

Ionic Bonding

  • Ions: Anions vs. Cations
    04:34
  • Ionic Bonds
    06:07

Hydrogen Bonding

  • Hydrogen Bonding
    05:03

Introduction to Water

  • Introduction to Water
    01:54
  • Introduction to Water Example 1
    01:51
  • Emergent Properties of Water
    01:29

Properties of Water- Cohesion and Adhesion

  • Properties of Water- Cohesion and Adhesion Example 1
    01:46
  • Properties of Water- Cohesion and Adhesion
    04:16

Acids and Bases

  • Acids
    02:45
  • Acids and Bases
    01:29
  • Bases
    03:48

pH Scale

  • Buffers
    05:38
  • pH Scale
    11:05

Carbon

  • Carbon is an Excellent Building Block
    03:35
  • Carbon
    04:19

Functional Groups

  • Functional Groups Example 1
    02:00
  • Functional Groups
    06:04

Introduction to Biomolecules

  • Introduction to Biomolecules
    01:17
  • Map of the Lesson on Biomolecules
    01:29

Carbohydrates

  • Formation & Breakdown of Polysaccharides
    03:08
  • Carbohydrates
    04:53
  • Carbohydrate Functions
    05:08

Lipids

  • Steroids & Waxes
    03:30
  • Lipids
    04:19
  • Fatty Acids
    06:59

Proteins

  • Protein Structure
    08:02
  • Amino Acids
    04:37
  • Proteins
    02:50

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic Acids Example 2
    01:05
  • Formation & Breakdown of Nucleic Acids
    04:07
  • DNA vs. RNA
    05:57

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

  • Recap: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
    04:26
  • Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
    05:54
  • Features of Bacterial Cells
    03:54

Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles

  • Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles
    03:45
  • Ribosomes
    06:51
  • Map of the Lesson on Eukaryotic Organelles
    02:43

Endomembrane System: Protein Secretion

  • Golgi Apparatus
    06:02
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
    06:07
  • Nucleus
    06:32

Endomembrane System: Digestive Organelles

  • Central Vacuole
    03:35
  • Lysosomes & Peroxisomes
    05:38

Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

  • Chloroplasts
    03:16
  • Chloroplast Structure
    03:41
  • Mitochondria Structure
    04:45

Endosymbiotic Theory

  • Endosymbiotic Theory
    06:58

Cell Junctions

  • Cell Junctions
    05:33

Biological Membranes

  • Biological Membranes Example 1
    02:21
  • Biological Membranes
    06:04

Introduction to Membrane Transport

  • Map of the Lesson on Membrane Transport
    02:33
  • Introduction to Membrane Transport
    02:47
  • Which Molecules Freely Cross Membranes?
    07:10

Passive vs. Active Transport

  • Classes of Membrane Transport Proteins
    03:28
  • Passive vs. Active Transport
    04:18

Osmosis

  • Osmosis Example 1
    02:18
  • Osmosis
    05:59
  • Direction of Osmosis
    06:48

Simple and Facilitated Diffusion

  • Simple and Facilitated Diffusion
    05:10
  • Transport Proteins of Facilitated Diffusion
    04:49

Active Transport

  • Secondary Active Transport
    07:06
  • Active Transport
    02:37
  • Primary Active Transport
    02:53

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

  • Endocytosis and Exocytosis Example 1
    01:52
  • Endocytosis Allows Entry to the Cell
    04:18
  • Exocytosis Allows Exiting from the Cell
    02:28

Introduction to Energy

  • Thermodynamics: System vs. Surroundings
    04:21
  • Introduction to Energy
    04:58

Laws of Thermodynamics

  • Second Law of Thermodynamics
    02:53
  • Entropy
    03:21
  • First Law of Thermodynamics
    04:43

Enzymes

  • Functions of Enzymes
    02:32
  • Enzymes Example 1
    02:25
  • Enzymes
    02:55

Introduction to Aerobic Cellular Respiration

  • Introduction to Cellular Respiration Example 2
    01:53
  • Aerobic Cellular Respiration is a Redox Reaction
    04:18
  • Stages of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
    02:31

Glycolysis

  • Phases of Glycolysis
    06:20
  • Glycolysis Example 1
    01:29
  • Remembering Phases of Glycolysis
    02:49

Pyruvate Oxidation

  • Pyruvate Oxidation
    04:38

Krebs Cycle

  • Krebs Cycle Example 1
    01:20
  • Krebs Cycle
    01:37
  • Phases of The Krebs Cycle
    09:54

Electron Transport Chain

  • Remembering the ETC
    04:43
  • Electron Transport Chain
    07:41

Chemiosmosis

  • Chemiosmosis
    05:01

Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration

  • Lactic Acid Fermentation
    03:34
  • What Happens to Aerobic Organisms if There's No Oxygen?
    07:51
  • Alcohol Fermentation
    02:02

Introduction to Photosynthesis

  • Introduction to Photosynthesis
    03:32
  • Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
    07:55
  • Photosynthesis is a Redox Reaction
    03:20

Light Reactions of Photosynthesis

  • Light Reactions of Photosynthesis Example 1
    01:48
  • Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
    04:06
  • Steps of the Light Reactions
    15:15

Calvin Cycle

  • 3 Phases of the Calvin Cycle (C3 Pathway)
    10:58
  • Calvin Cycle
    03:42

Photorespiration

  • Photorespiration
    14:32

C3, C4 & CAM Plants

  • C3, C4 & CAM Plants
    04:34
  • Comparing 3 Types of Photosynthetic Plants
    14:52

Introduction to Cell Signaling

  • Introduction to Cell Signaling
    05:03
  • 3 Steps of Cell Signaling
    04:37

Introduction to Cell Division

  • Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
    04:45
  • Introduction to Cell Division
    09:40
  • Importance of Cell Division
    03:19

Introduction to the Cell Cycle

  • Introduction to the Cell Cycle
    04:46

Phases of Mitosis

  • Phases of Mitosis
    03:21
  • Metaphase
    01:58
  • Prometaphase
    03:20

Cytokinesis

  • Animal Cell Cytokinesis
    02:56
  • Cytokinesis
    01:25
  • Cytokinesis Example 1
    01:59

Cell Cycle Regulation

  • Cell Cycle Regulation
    03:31
  • Cell Cycle Checkpoints
    06:32

Introduction to Meiosis

  • Introduction to Meiosis Example 1
    01:43
  • Meiosis I & Meiosis II
    04:49
  • Introduction to Meiosis
    04:33

Meiosis I

  • Meiosis I
    07:55

Meiosis II

  • Meiosis II
    06:17

Mitosis & Meiosis Review

  • Mitosis & Meiosis Review Example 1
    01:27

Genetic Variation During Meiosis

  • Genetic Variation During Meiosis
    07:08
  • Nondisjunction
    05:03
  • Independent Assortment
    08:49

Introduction to Mendel's Experiments

  • Why Pea Plants?
    01:58
  • Introduction to Mendel's Experiments
    03:50

Punnett Squares

  • How to Use Punnett Squares
    07:05
  • Punnett Squares
    01:37

Mendel's Experiments

  • Self-Fertilization Experiment: True-Breeding vs. Hybrid Plants
    05:48
  • Mendel's Experiments
    03:02
  • Cross-Fertilization Experiment: Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles
    05:04

Mendel's Laws

  • Mendel's Laws
    01:16
  • Law of Segregation
    03:24
  • Law of Independent Assortment
    06:44

Monohybrid Crosses

  • Monohybrid Crosses Example 1
    03:12
  • Genotypic vs. Phenotypic Ratio
    02:48
  • Monohybrid Crosses
    02:05

Test Crosses

  • Test Crosses
    03:02
  • Steps to Performing a Test Cross
    05:05

Dihybrid Crosses

  • Dihybrid Crosses
    02:37
  • Dihybrid Crosses & Punnett Squares
    03:34

Incomplete Dominance vs. Codominance

  • Codominance
    02:59
  • Codominance & Blood Type
    05:15
  • Incomplete Dominance
    03:09

Epistasis

  • Epistasis
    05:37

Non-Mendelian Genetics

  • Pleiotropy
    02:18
  • Multifactorial Characters
    01:39
  • Polygenic Inheritance
    02:27

Sex-Linked Inheritance

  • X-Linked Recessive Pedigrees
    03:42
  • Sex-Linked Inheritance
    04:17
  • X-Linked Recessive Disorder: Hemophilia Inheritance
    04:37

X-Inactivation

  • X-Inactivation
    05:33

The Griffith Experiment

  • The Griffith Experiment
    08:56

The Hershey-Chase Experiment

  • The Hershey-Chase Experiment
    03:59
  • Bacteriophages
    03:44

Chargaff's Rules

  • Chargaff's Rules
    04:33

Discovering the Structure of DNA

  • Detailed DNA Structure
    06:24
  • Discovering the Structure of DNA
    04:41

Meselson-Stahl Experiment

  • Meselson-Stahl Experiment
    09:03

Introduction to DNA Replication

  • Unwinding the DNA: Topoisomerase, Helicase & SSBs
    05:10
  • Components of DNA Replication
    04:47
  • Origin of Replication
    03:33

DNA Polymerases

  • DNA Polymerase Requirements
    05:03
  • DNA Polymerases
    04:01

Leading & Lagging DNA Strands

  • Leading & Lagging DNA Strands
    05:15

Steps of DNA Replication

  • Steps of DNA Replication
    09:29

DNA Repair

  • DNA Repair
    03:20
  • DNA Proofreading & Repair Enzymes
    02:12

Telomeres

  • Telomeres
    04:25

Central Dogma

  • Central Dogma
    05:45

Introduction to Transcription

  • Overview of Transcription
    07:44
  • Introduction to Transcription
    05:51

Steps of Transcription

  • 3) Termination of Transcription
    02:44
  • 1) Initiation of Transcription
    04:16
  • 2) Elongation of Transcription
    04:01

Eukaryotic RNA Processing and Splicing

  • Eukaryotic RNA Processing and Splicing
    02:32
  • 2) RNA Splicing Creates Mature mRNA
    08:44
  • 1) RNA Processing
    04:19

Introduction to Types of RNA

  • Introduction to Types of RNA
    07:20

Genetic Code

  • How to Use the Genetic Code
    11:39
  • Genetic Code
    01:28

Introduction to Translation

  • Ribosomal tRNA Binding Sites
    06:16
  • Ribosome Subunits
    08:42
  • Introduction to Translation
    06:12

Steps of Translation

  • 2) Elongation of Translation
    04:59
  • 3) Termination of Translation
    02:16
  • 1) Initiation of Translation
    05:03

Post-Translational Modification

  • Post-Translational Modification
    04:26

Review of Transcription vs. Translation

  • Review of Transcription vs. Translation
    04:07

Mutations

  • Mutations
    02:29
  • Types of Mutations
    08:44

Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression

  • Positive vs Negative Gene Regulation
    02:17
  • Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression
    06:40

Prokaryotic Gene Regulation via Operons

  • Inducible Operons
    04:25
  • Prokaryotic Gene Regulation via Operons
    00:53
  • Repressible Operons
    03:42

The Lac Operon

  • In the Absence of Lactose
    04:34
  • The Lac Operon
    07:06
  • In the Presence of Lactose
    03:56

Glucose's Impact on Lac Operon

  • Positive Control by cAMP & CRP
    08:32
  • Glucose's Impact on Lac Operon Example 1
    06:20
  • GlucoseLevels, cAMP, & the Lac Operon
    05:58

The Trp Operon

  • In the Presence of Tryptophan
    03:11
  • The Trp Operon
    05:30
  • In the Absence of Tryptophan
    03:42

Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon

  • Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon
    06:24

Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

  • Map of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
    04:22
  • Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
    03:47

Eukaryotic Chromatin Modifications

  • Eukaryotic Chromatin Modifications
    03:55
  • Histone Acetylation
    04:14
  • DNA Methylation
    03:39

Eukaryotic Transcriptional Control

  • Introduction to Transcription Factors
    03:32
  • General Transcription Factors
    03:51
  • Specific Transcription Factors
    03:57

Eukaryotic Post-Transcriptional Regulation

  • Eukaryotic Post-Transcriptional Regulation
    01:56
  • 3) RNA Interference
    04:16
  • 1) Alternative RNA Splicing
    05:17

Eukaryotic Post-Translational Regulation

  • Protein Ubiquitination
    02:45
  • Eukaryotic Post-Translational Regulation
    03:55

Viruses

  • Virus Structure
    04:50
  • Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles
    08:04
  • Viroids and Prions
    04:22