Question 1

Which of the following best describes Darwin's concept of 'descent with modification'?

Accepted Answer

The process by which current species have evolved from ancestral species, accumulating changes over generations.

Question 2

Which statement best contrasts the 'diversity' and 'unity' of life as discussed in evolutionary biology?

Accepted Answer

'Diversity' refers to the variety of life forms, while 'unity' refers to shared characteristics due to common ancestry.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of the 'unity of life'?

Accepted Answer

The gene for human insulin is inserted into bacteria, and the bacteria can make human insulin.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why populations, not individuals, evolve?

Accepted Answer

Evolution is the accumulation of heritable changes in a population over generations.

Question 5

A population of bacteria is exposed to an antibiotic. After several days, only a few bacteria survive. Which process best explains the increase in antibiotic resistance?

Accepted Answer

Resistant bacteria survive and reproduce, passing on resistance genes to the next generation.

Question 6

Which of the following is a key difference between natural selection and artificial selection?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection relies on environmental pressures, while artificial selection is driven by human choices.

Question 7

Which scenario best illustrates convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

Flying squirrels and sugar gliders both evolved gliding membranes independently in response to similar environmental pressures.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes a homologous structure?

Accepted Answer

A structure that is similar in different species because of shared ancestry.

Question 9

A scientist finds that the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c differs by only one amino acid between humans and chimpanzees. What does this suggest?

Accepted Answer

Humans and chimpanzees share a recent common ancestor.

Question 10

Which inference did Darwin make based on his observations of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than others.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why cave-dwelling fish often lack functional eyes?

Accepted Answer

Fish in the cave environment that had mutations causing eye loss were not at a disadvantage, so the mutation became prevalent.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for natural selection to occur?

Accepted Answer

Individuals changing their traits in response to the environment during their lifetime.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of adaptive evolution?

Accepted Answer

The accumulation of favorable traits in a population over generations due to natural selection.

Question 14

A researcher wants to determine if a trait shared by two species is homologous or the result of convergent evolution. What is the best strategy?

Accepted Answer

Determine if their common ancestor also had the feature.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?

Accepted Answer

Humans breeding dogs for specific traits such as size or temperament.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about evolution is correct?

Accepted Answer

Evolution is a fact, and natural selection is a theory explaining how evolution occurs.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why taking only part of a prescribed antibiotic course can lead to antibiotic resistance?

Accepted Answer

The remaining bacteria are more likely to be resistant and can reproduce, increasing the frequency of resistance in the population.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure?

Accepted Answer

Eye sockets in cave-dwelling fish that no longer have functional eyes.

Question 19

Which of the following equations best represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with two alleles, $p$ and $q$?

Accepted Answer

$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$

Descent with Modification and the Principles of Evolution

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