Question 1

Which scientist's experiment demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material by showing that a non-virulent strain of bacteria could become virulent when mixed with heat-killed virulent bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Griffith

Question 2

What was the key contribution of Rosalind Franklin to the discovery of DNA structure?

Accepted Answer

She provided X-ray diffraction images that revealed the helical structure of DNA.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

It adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand using the template strand.

Question 4

During transcription, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 5

Which of the following sequences represents the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow Protein$$

Question 6

A mutation changes the codon $$UAC ($$which codes for tyrosine) to $$UAA. $$What is the result of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

A nonsense mutation

Question 7

Which process occurs at the ribosome and involves the decoding of mRNA to build a polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 8

What is the function of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why a frameshift mutation can have a dramatic effect on protein function?

Accepted Answer

It shifts the reading frame, altering every amino acid downstream of the mutation.

Question 10

Which of the following is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes process mRNA by adding a 5' cap and poly-A tail.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of mRNA editing in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It removes introns and joins exons together.

Question 12

A scientist is studying a gene that codes for a protein involved in COVID-19 vaccine response. Which process must occur for this gene to be expressed as a protein?

Accepted Answer

Transcription followed by translation

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase unwinds DNA, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides, ligase joins fragments

Question 14

Which of the following best describes a codon?

Accepted Answer

A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

Question 15

Which of the following mutations would most likely have no effect on the amino acid sequence of a protein?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 16

Which scientist(s) used bacteriophages to confirm that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Hershey and Chase

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the importance of the Central Dogma in understanding genetic diseases?

Accepted Answer

It shows how mutations in DNA can lead to changes in protein structure and function.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-life application of understanding the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Designing mRNA vaccines for diseases like COVID-19

Question 19

Which of the following is true about the process of translation?

Accepted Answer

It occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome.

Question 20

A patient has a genetic disorder caused by a single base substitution in a gene. Which type of mutation is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Point mutation

DNA and Protein Synthesis: Key Concepts and Processes

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