Q: Refer to the tenth image. What is the correct sequence of events in the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \xrightarrow{\text{transcription}} \text{RNA} \xrightarrow{\text{translation}} \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between DNA, chromatin, and chromosomes as shown in the first image?

Accepted Answer

DNA is packaged into chromatin fibers, which further condense to form chromosomes during cell division.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the nitrogenous bases shown in the second image is correct?

Accepted Answer

Adenine and guanine are purines, while thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines.

Question 3

Referencing the third image, which of the following correctly identifies the three components of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group, five-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 4

Based on the fourth image, which statement best explains the structure of a DNA polynucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A DNA polynucleotide consists of a sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases extending from it.

Question 5

The sixth image illustrates DNA replication. Which statement best describes the process shown?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand, demonstrating semi-conservative replication.

Question 6

What is the role of the enzyme labeled 'Helicase' in the seventh image during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

It unwinds and separates the two strands of the DNA double helix.

Question 7

Based on the cartoon in the eighth image, which of the following is a structural difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is usually double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.

Question 8

The ninth image makes a joke about RNA having 'U' in it. What does this refer to?

Accepted Answer

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.

Question 9

Refer to the tenth image. What is the correct sequence of events in the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} \xrightarrow{	ext{transcription}} 	ext{RNA} \xrightarrow{	ext{translation}} 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 10

The eleventh image shows the effect of a single amino acid change in hemoglobin. What type of mutation is most likely responsible for this change?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Question 11

Based on the twelfth image, which of the following best explains how DNA controls physical traits?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins that determine physical traits.

Question 12

In the thirteenth image, which process is responsible for converting the information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 13

The fourteenth image shows the process of transcription. If the DNA template strand has the sequence $$5'	ext{-ACTGGA-3'}$$, what will be the corresponding mRNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

$$5'	ext{-UGACCU-3'}$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as shown in the fifteenth image?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 15

Based on the sixteenth image, what is the function of the nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) in a region not surrounded by a membrane.

Question 16

Which organelle, shown in the animal and plant cell diagrams (images 21 and 22), is primarily responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 17

In the context of the central dogma and the images provided, which process would be directly affected by a mutation in the gene encoding ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 18

If a mutation causes a change from the codon $$	ext{UAC} to$$ $$	ext{UAA} in $$mRNA, what is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

A premature stop codon will be introduced, resulting in a truncated protein.

DNA Structure, Replication, and Protein Synthesis: Study Guide for BIOL-100

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