Energy Flow, ATP, Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Ecosystem Dynamics Study Guide

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q1. What is ATP? Why is ATP necessary?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: ATP and Cellular Energy"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), its role as the cell's energy currency, and why it is essential for cellular processes."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that stores and transfers energy within cells."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Energy-storing bonds: The bonds between phosphate groups in ATP that release energy when broken."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall that ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about why cells need a molecule like ATP to store and transfer energy efficiently."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider how ATP is used in cellular work, such as muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q2. Draw an ATP and indicate where all of the energy storing bonds are located."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: ATP Structure"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question asks you to visualize the ATP molecule and identify the high-energy phosphate bonds."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Phosphate groups: The three phosphates attached to ATP, with energy stored in the bonds between them."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"High-energy bonds: Specifically, the bonds between the second and third phosphate groups."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Draw the ATP molecule with adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Label the bonds between the phosphate groups, especially the bond between the second and third phosphate (this is where most energy is stored)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Indicate which bonds are broken to release energy for cellular processes."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q3. Draw and label what results when energy is released from ATP. Compare the amount of energy stored in ATP, ADP, and AMP."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: ATP Hydrolysis and Energy Release"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how ATP is converted to ADP and AMP, and how energy is released in the process."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ADP: Adenosine diphosphate, formed when ATP loses one phosphate."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"AMP: Adenosine monophosphate, formed when ADP loses another phosphate."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hydrolysis: The process of breaking a bond using water."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Draw ATP, ADP, and AMP, showing the number of phosphate groups in each."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Label the energy-storing bonds and indicate which are broken during hydrolysis."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compare the relative energy stored in ATP (most), ADP (less), and AMP (least)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q4. What does the term aerobic mean?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Cellular Respiration"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question is about the meaning of 'aerobic' in biological processes, especially cellular respiration."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aerobic: Involving or requiring oxygen."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cellular respiration: The process by which cells generate energy from glucose, often using oxygen."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the definition of aerobic and how it relates to oxygen use in cells."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about which steps of cellular respiration require oxygen."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q5. What are the three main steps in the process of cellular respiration? What happens in each? Where does each take place?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Cellular Respiration Pathways"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the stages of cellular respiration, their locations, and their functions."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glycolysis: First step, occurs in the cytoplasm."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Second step, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Electron Transport Chain: Third step, occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List the three main steps: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe briefly what happens in each step (e.g., glycolysis breaks down glucose, Krebs cycle produces electron carriers, ETC generates ATP)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the cellular location for each step."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/ed948b0a_image_1.png","alt":"Cellular respiration diagram","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q6. Know the balanced equation for aerobic cellular respiration. Write it:"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Chemical Equations in Biology"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question asks you to recall and write the balanced equation for aerobic cellular respiration."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Formula:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\text{C}_6\\text{H}_{12}\\text{O}_6 + 6\\text{O}_2 \\rightarrow 6\\text{CO}_2 + 6\\text{H}_2\\text{O} + \\text{energy (ATP)}"}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the reactants: glucose and oxygen."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the products: carbon dioxide, water, and ATP."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the equation, making sure it is balanced."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q7. What types of organisms go through respiration?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Cellular Respiration Across Life"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of which organisms perform cellular respiration."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Respiration: The process of breaking down food to release energy."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organisms: All living things, including plants, animals, fungi, and many microorganisms."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about the necessity of energy for life and which organisms need to generate ATP."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider whether both autotrophs and heterotrophs perform respiration."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q8. How efficient is aerobic respiration? What are NADH and FADH2? What role do they play in respiration?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Efficiency and Electron Carriers in Respiration"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the efficiency of aerobic respiration and the function of NADH and FADH2."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aerobic respiration: Efficient process for generating ATP."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"NADH and FADH2: Electron carriers that transport electrons to the electron transport chain."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the approximate efficiency of aerobic respiration (percentage of energy captured as ATP)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the role of NADH and FADH2 in shuttling electrons to the electron transport chain."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how these carriers contribute to ATP production."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q9. What does the term anaerobic mean?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Fermentation and Anaerobic Processes"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question is about the meaning of 'anaerobic' and its relevance to cellular metabolism."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Anaerobic: Not requiring oxygen."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fermentation: A process that allows cells to generate energy without oxygen."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the definition of anaerobic and how it differs from aerobic."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about which organisms or cells use anaerobic processes."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q10. Describe the two types of fermentation."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Types of Fermentation"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lactic acid fermentation: Occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Alcoholic fermentation: Occurs in yeast and some plants."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe lactic acid fermentation and its products."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe alcoholic fermentation and its products."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compare the two processes in terms of organisms and outcomes."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q11. Which type can our cells go through? What is the result of this in our muscle cells?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Human Fermentation Pathways"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of which fermentation pathway occurs in human cells and its effects."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lactic acid fermentation: The pathway used by human muscle cells under anaerobic conditions."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lactic acid: The product that can cause muscle fatigue."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify which fermentation pathway is used by human cells."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain what happens in muscle cells during intense exercise."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the effects of lactic acid buildup."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q12. What is the net ATP produced by fermentation?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Energy Yield of Fermentation"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of how much ATP is produced during fermentation compared to aerobic respiration."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Net ATP: The total ATP produced minus any ATP used in the process."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fermentation: Yields much less ATP than aerobic respiration."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the steps of glycolysis and fermentation."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate the net ATP produced per glucose molecule."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q13. Compare an obligate anaerobe with a facultative anaerobe."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Types of Anaerobic Organisms"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the differences between obligate and facultative anaerobes."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Obligate anaerobe: Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Facultative anaerobe: Can survive with or without oxygen."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define obligate anaerobe and facultative anaerobe."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compare their metabolic flexibility."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q14. How would you describe yourself in terms of your requirement for oxygen?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Human Oxygen Requirement"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question asks you to relate your own oxygen needs to the categories of aerobic and anaerobic organisms."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aerobic organism: Requires oxygen for survival."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider whether humans can survive without oxygen."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Relate this to the definitions of aerobic and anaerobic organisms."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q15. Know the balanced equation for photosynthesis. Write it:"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Photosynthesis Equation"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question asks you to recall and write the balanced equation for photosynthesis."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Formula:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"6\\text{CO}_2 + 6\\text{H}_2\\text{O} + \\text{light energy} \\rightarrow \\text{C}_6\\text{H}_{12}\\text{O}_6 + 6\\text{O}_2"}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the reactants: carbon dioxide, water, and light energy."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the products: glucose and oxygen."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the equation, making sure it is balanced."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q16. What are the two main processes of photosynthesis? Describe each."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Photosynthesis Pathways"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Light reactions: Convert solar energy to chemical energy."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calvin cycle: Uses chemical energy to fix carbon and produce sugars."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the light reactions and their products."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the Calvin cycle and its products."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain where each process occurs in the chloroplast."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/ed948b0a_image_2.png","alt":"Photosynthesis diagram","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q17. What is the original source of energy that drives photosynthesis?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Energy Source for Photosynthesis"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the energy input for photosynthesis."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Solar energy: Energy from sunlight."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall what provides the energy for photosynthesis."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about how this energy is captured by chlorophyll."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q18. How does water enter the plant? How does CO2 enter?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Plant Physiology"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of how plants acquire water and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Roots: Water enters through roots."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stomata: CO2 enters through stomata in leaves."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe the pathway for water uptake in plants."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe how CO2 enters the leaf."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q19. When is water split?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Photosynthesis Light Reactions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the timing and purpose of water splitting in photosynthesis."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Photolysis: The splitting of water during the light reactions."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall which stage of photosynthesis involves water splitting."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain why water is split and what products result."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q20. What happens to the oxygen, H+ and electrons that result from the splitting of water?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Fate of Water Splitting Products"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the roles of oxygen, protons, and electrons in photosynthesis."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oxygen: Released as a byproduct."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"H+: Contributes to proton gradient."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Electrons: Used in electron transport chain."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe what happens to each product of water splitting."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how these products are used in the light reactions."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q21. What is the name of the photosynthetic membrane inside the chloroplast? What do we call stacks of these membranes? 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What are the products of the light reactions (there are three)? What happens to each?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Light Reaction Products"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the outputs of the light reactions and their roles in photosynthesis."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ATP: Used in the Calvin cycle."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"NADPH: Used in the Calvin cycle."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oxygen: Released as a byproduct."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List the three products of the light reactions."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe what happens to each product."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q23. What enters into the Calvin Cycle? What is produced by the Calvin Cycle? Where does the Calvin cycle take place?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Calvin Cycle Inputs and Outputs"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the reactants and products of the Calvin cycle and its location."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CO2: Enters the Calvin cycle."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ATP and NADPH: Used in the cycle."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glucose (or G3P): Produced by the cycle."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stroma: Location of the Calvin cycle."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify what enters the Calvin cycle."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe what is produced."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"State where the cycle occurs in the chloroplast."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q24. What are the stages of the Calvin cycle?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Calvin Cycle Stages"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the steps involved in the Calvin cycle."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration: The three stages of the Calvin cycle."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List the three stages of the Calvin cycle."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Briefly describe what happens in each stage."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q25. What type of organisms go through photosynthesis?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Photosynthetic Organisms"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of which organisms perform photosynthesis."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food via photosynthesis."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the types of organisms that perform photosynthesis."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider plants, algae, and some bacteria."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q26. Relate the First Law of Thermodynamics to the process of photosynthesis."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Thermodynamics in Biology"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of energy conservation in photosynthesis."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the First Law of Thermodynamics."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how energy from sunlight is transformed into chemical energy in glucose."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q27. Can plants produce O2 without light?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Oxygen Production in Plants"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the conditions required for oxygen production in photosynthesis."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Light reactions: Require light to split water and produce O2."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall which stage of photosynthesis produces O2."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider whether this process can occur without light."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q28. What is a redox reaction? What happens when a substance is oxidized? When a substance is reduced?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Redox Reactions in Biology"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of oxidation and reduction in biological processes."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Redox reaction: A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oxidation: Loss of electrons."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Reduction: Gain of electrons."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define redox reaction."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain what happens during oxidation and reduction."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q29. Below are two microphotographs taken from the same leaf. What is the structure labeled “A” called? What is the function of this structure?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Leaf Anatomy"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of leaf structures and their functions."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stoma (plural: stomata): Opening for gas exchange."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Guard cells: Control the opening and closing of the stoma."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the structure labeled \"A\" in the microphotograph."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe its function in gas exchange."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q30. Which image do you think is from the top of the leaf and which is from the bottom? Why?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Leaf Surface Anatomy"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to distinguish between the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf based on microphotographs."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stomata: More abundant on the lower surface."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cuticle: Thicker on the upper surface."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compare the features visible in each image."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Use clues such as stomata density and cuticle thickness to make your determination."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q31. Explain how chloroplasts and mitochondria support endosymbiotic theory."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Endosymbiotic Theory"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the evidence for endosymbiotic theory from organelle structure and function."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Endosymbiotic theory: The idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organelle features: Double membranes, own DNA, ribosomes."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"List features of mitochondria and chloroplasts that support endosymbiotic theory."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how these features are similar to prokaryotes."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q32. What is different about the way matter moves through the ecosystem when compared to the way that energy moves?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Matter and Energy Flow in Ecosystems"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the cycling of matter and the flow of energy in ecosystems."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Matter: Cycles through ecosystems."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Energy: Flows in one direction and is lost as heat."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe how matter is recycled in ecosystems."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain how energy moves through trophic levels and is eventually lost."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q33. Explain the 10% rule. What happens to the amount of available energy at each trophic level?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Energy Transfer in Ecosystems"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"10% rule: Only about 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Trophic levels: Levels in a food chain or web."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain the 10% rule and why energy transfer is inefficient."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Describe what happens to energy at each trophic level."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q34. How does the 10% rule show that a vegan or vegetarian lifestyle is better for the ecosystem?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Human Diet and Ecosystem Energy"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how energy transfer efficiency affects food choices and ecosystem health."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"typ