Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why mitochondria are considered semi-autonomous organelles in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They have their own DNA and ribosomes, allowing them to grow and divide independently of the cell.

Question 2

A mutation disrupts the formation of cristae in mitochondria. Which cellular process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation

Question 3

Which feature is shared by both mitochondria and chloroplasts, supporting the endosymbiosis theory?

Accepted Answer

Ability to manufacture their own ribosomes and contain their own DNA

Question 4

A scientist uses differential centrifugation to isolate cell components. Which organelle would be most enriched in a fraction containing high levels of ATP-synthesizing enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the nuclear pore complex?

Accepted Answer

It selectively controls the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytosol.

Question 6

A protein destined for the lysosome must have which molecular modification to be properly sorted in the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a phosphate group to form mannose-6-phosphate

Question 7

During the pulse-chase experiment, what does the movement of labeled proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus demonstrate about the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are transported in vesicles from the ER to the Golgi, showing an integrated secretory pathway.

Question 8

Which cytoskeletal element is most directly involved in the movement of vesicles from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 9

A cell is observed to have a large number of microtubules growing rapidly at their plus ends. Which process is most likely occurring?

Accepted Answer

Chromosome separation during mitosis

Question 10

Which motor protein is responsible for 'walking' vesicles along microtubules, converting chemical energy from ATP into mechanical movement?

Accepted Answer

Kinesin

Question 11

A mutation in the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of a protein would most likely result in which cellular defect?

Accepted Answer

Protein fails to enter the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of glycosylation in the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

It adds carbohydrate groups to proteins, forming glycoproteins and serving as indicators for shipment to the next destination.

Question 13

Which structure provides structural support to plant cells and is located outside the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Cell wall

Question 14

Which cytoskeletal element is most abundant in animal cells and is composed of actin subunits?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments (microfilaments)

Question 15

A patient has a genetic disorder affecting keratin proteins. Which cellular structure is most likely compromised?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of microtubules in eukaryotic cilia and flagella?

Accepted Answer

9+2 arrangement

Question 17

If a cell's dynein motor proteins are nonfunctional, which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Bending movement of cilia and flagella

Question 18

Which process is most directly responsible for the recycling of macromolecules in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomal digestion

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world example of how organelle content correlates with cell function?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells are long and tapered, containing many mitochondria to support continuous contraction.

Question 20

Which equation best represents the energy conversion occurring in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + \mathrm{ATP}$

Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function: Inside the Cell (Chapter 7.4–7.5)

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