Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

Accepted Answer

Homologous structures share a common ancestry but may have different functions, while analogous structures have similar functions but evolved independently in different lineages.

Question 2

A population of birds is separated by a newly formed river, and over time, the two groups evolve into distinct species. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Allopatric speciation

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the founder effect?

Accepted Answer

A small group of individuals colonizes a new island, resulting in a population with different genetic frequencies from the original population.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes Darwin's concept of 'descent with modification'?

Accepted Answer

All species are related by common ancestry and have changed over time, diverging from their ancestors.

Question 5

Which type of selection is most likely to result in increased genetic diversity by favoring individuals at both extremes of a trait distribution?

Accepted Answer

Disruptive selection

Question 6

A population of beetles is exposed to a pesticide. Over several generations, only beetles with a specific gene survive and reproduce. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Directional selection

Question 7

Which of the following statements about evolutionary trees is correct?

Accepted Answer

Homologous characteristics are used to construct evolutionary trees because they reflect shared ancestry.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure in humans?

Accepted Answer

The human appendix

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why gene duplication is important in evolution?

Accepted Answer

It increases the number of genes in a gene pool, providing raw material for evolutionary innovation.

Question 10

A scientist observes that two unrelated species of fish living in similar environments have developed similar body shapes. This is most likely due to:

Accepted Answer

Convergent evolution

Question 11

Which of the following equations represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with two alleles, $p$ and $q$?

Accepted Answer

$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a postzygotic reproductive barrier?

Accepted Answer

Gametic isolation

Question 13

Which scientist is credited with developing the binomial classification system and the concept of evolutionary trees?

Accepted Answer

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 14

Which of the following best defines 'fitness' in an evolutionary context?

Accepted Answer

The ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment

Question 15

A population of lizards is found only on a single island and nowhere else in the world. This population is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Endemic

Question 16

Which of the following statements about Lamarck's theory of evolution is correct?

Accepted Answer

Lamarck proposed that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime could be inherited by its offspring.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?

Accepted Answer

A population of human babies where those of average birth weight have higher survival rates than those who are very small or very large.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the bottleneck effect?

Accepted Answer

A large population is drastically reduced by a random event, resulting in a change in allele frequencies.

Question 19

Which of the following is true about gene variability?

Accepted Answer

Gene variability quantifies genetic variation only at the whole-gene level.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of prezygotic reproductive isolation?

Accepted Answer

Gametic isolation

Evolution and Natural Selection: Key Concepts and Mechanisms

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