Q: Which formula would you use to calculate the frequency of a dominant allele (A) in a population, given the frequencies of the genotypes AA, Aa, and aa?

$$p = f(AA) + 0.5 \times f(Aa)$$

Q: A population of 1,000 birds has two alleles for a gene: A and a. If 360 birds are AA, 480 are Aa, and 160 are aa, what is the frequency of the a allele?

$$q = \frac{2 \times 160 + 480}{2 \times 1000} = 0.4$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the biological species concept?

Accepted Answer

A population whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Question 2

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the increased resistance of head lice to insecticides over time?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection

Question 3

A population of beetles is split by a river, and over thousands of years, the two groups evolve into separate species. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Allopatric speciation

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a prezygotic reproductive barrier?

Accepted Answer

Mating seasons occur at different times for two populations

Question 5

Which formula would you use to calculate the frequency of a dominant allele (A) in a population, given the frequencies of the genotypes AA, Aa, and aa?

Accepted Answer

$$p = f(AA) + 0.5 	imes f(Aa)$$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why endangered species are at greater risk of extinction due to the bottleneck effect?

Accepted Answer

They have reduced genetic diversity

Question 7

A scientist observes that two populations of frogs have different mating calls and do not interbreed, even though they live in the same area. What type of reproductive barrier is this?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral isolation

Question 8

Which of the following is a direct result of gene flow between populations?

Accepted Answer

Decreased genetic differences between populations

Question 9

Which of the following statements about Lamarck's theory of evolution is correct?

Accepted Answer

It proposed that acquired traits can be inherited.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?

Accepted Answer

The breeding of dogs for specific traits by humans

Question 11

A population of 1,000 birds has two alleles for a gene: A and a. If 360 birds are AA, 480 are Aa, and 160 are aa, what is the frequency of the a allele?

Accepted Answer

$$q = \frac{2 	imes 160 + 480}{2 	imes 1000} = 0.4$$

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for natural selection to occur?

Accepted Answer

All individuals must survive and reproduce equally

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the founder effect?

Accepted Answer

A small group colonizes a new area, leading to reduced genetic diversity

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?

Accepted Answer

Human birth weights are most common in the intermediate range

Question 15

Which of the following is a postzygotic barrier to reproduction?

Accepted Answer

Hybrid offspring are sterile

Question 16

Which of the following is the best definition of evolutionary fitness?

Accepted Answer

The number of fertile offspring an individual leaves

Question 17

Which of the following is a likely outcome of disruptive selection?

Accepted Answer

Increased frequency of extreme phenotypes

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of homologous structures?

Accepted Answer

The wings of a bat and the arms of a human

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct Hardy-Weinberg equation for genotype frequencies?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of adaptive radiation?

Accepted Answer

The diversification of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos Islands

Evolution and the Diversity of Life: Mechanisms, Speciation, and Phylogeny

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