Q: A population of beetles has two alleles for color: B (black) and b (brown). If the frequency of B is 0.7 and b is 0.3, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

$$2pq = 2 \times 0.7 \times 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main source of genetic variation in a population?

Accepted Answer

Gene duplication and mutation events

Question 2

According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following conditions must be met for allele frequencies to remain constant in a population?

Accepted Answer

No gene flow, random mating, large population size, no mutation, and no natural selection

Question 3

Which equation is used to calculate genotype frequencies in a population under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 4

A population of beetles has two alleles for color: B (black) and b (brown). If the frequency of B is 0.7 and b is 0.3, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq = 2 	imes 0.7 	imes 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier?

Accepted Answer

Hybrid sterility

Question 6

Which scenario best illustrates adaptive radiation?

Accepted Answer

A single ancestral bird species colonizes an island and evolves into several species with different beak shapes adapted to various food sources.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the concept of 'descent with modification' as proposed by Darwin?

Accepted Answer

Species evolve from common ancestors, accumulating changes over generations.

Question 8

Which mechanism of microevolution is most likely responsible for a sudden decrease in genetic diversity after a natural disaster?

Accepted Answer

Bottleneck effect

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Non-random mating

Question 10

Which of the following best describes a biological species according to the Biological Species Concept?

Accepted Answer

A group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 11

Which evolutionary mechanism can increase the size of a genome and lead to new gene functions?

Accepted Answer

Gene duplication

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

The wings of bats and birds, which evolved independently for flight

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a monophyletic group?

Accepted Answer

A group that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 14

Which process is most likely to result in the formation of a new species without geographic isolation?

Accepted Answer

Sympatric speciation

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a homologous structure?

Accepted Answer

The flippers of whales and the arms of humans

Question 16

Which type of selection favors individuals with intermediate phenotypes and reduces variation in a population?

Accepted Answer

Stabilizing selection

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the founder effect?

Accepted Answer

A small group of individuals establishes a new population, leading to reduced genetic diversity

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world example of exaptation?

Accepted Answer

Feathers originally evolved for insulation and later used for flight in birds

Question 19

Which of the following best describes gene flow?

Accepted Answer

The movement of alleles between populations due to migration

Question 20

Which of the following is a plausible outcome of frequency-dependent selection?

Accepted Answer

Maintenance of multiple alleles in a population due to changing fitness advantages

Evolutionary Mechanisms, Speciation, and Systematics: Study Notes for General Biology

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