Q: If the concentration of $$[H^+] in a $$solution is $$1 \times 10$$^{-5}$$ M, what is the pH of the solution?

$$pH = -\log_{10}(1 \times 10$$^{-5}$$) = 5$$

Question 1

A scientist is studying the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth. She sets up two groups: one group receives the new fertilizer, and the other group receives no fertilizer. Which of the following best describes the role of the group that receives no fertilizer?

Accepted Answer

It is the control group, used for comparison.

Question 2

Which of the following statements best distinguishes a scientific theory from a scientific law?

Accepted Answer

A theory explains why phenomena occur, while a law describes what happens.

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct format for the binomial nomenclature of humans?

Accepted Answer

Homo sapiens

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the basic unit of life?

Accepted Answer

The cell

Question 5

In the context of natural selection, which of the following best defines 'fitness'?

Accepted Answer

The ability to produce the most viable offspring

Question 6

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 7

An atom of sodium (Na) has an atomic number of 11 and a mass number of 23. How many neutrons does it have?

Accepted Answer

$$23 - 11 = 12$$ neutrons

Question 8

Which of the following best describes a hydrogen bond?

Accepted Answer

A bond formed between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom

Question 9

Which of the following statements about electronegativity is correct?

Accepted Answer

Electronegativity increases across a period from left to right.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes a hydrocarbon?

Accepted Answer

A molecule containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a structural isomer?

Accepted Answer

Two molecules with the same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of atoms

Question 12

Which of the following best describes a solution in which water is the solvent and salt is the solute?

Accepted Answer

Water is the solvent, salt is the solute.

Question 13

Which of the following functional groups is correctly matched with its structure?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group: $$-COOH$$

Question 14

If the concentration of $$[H^+] in a $$solution is $$1 	imes 10$$^{-5}$$ M, what is the pH of the solution?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = -\log_{10}(1 	imes 10$$^{-5}$$) = 5$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes a buffer?

Accepted Answer

A substance that minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added

Question 16

Which property of water allows it to moderate temperature in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

High specific heat

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule and its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate: monosaccharide

Question 18

Which process is responsible for breaking down polymers into monomers, and what is the name of the reaction?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 19

Which level of protein structure is maintained primarily by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms, and what is a common example of this structure?

Accepted Answer

Secondary structure; beta pleated sheet

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with acidosis, meaning their blood pH is below 7.4. Which of the following would be an appropriate physiological response involving buffers?

Accepted Answer

The buffer system will absorb $$H^+$$ ions to raise the pH toward normal.

Exam 1 Review: Foundations of Biology, Chemistry of Life, and Macromolecules

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