Question 1

Which of the following best explains why human muscle cells switch to lactic acid fermentation during intense exercise?

Accepted Answer

Because oxygen is no longer available to serve as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

Question 2

Which equation correctly represents the overall process of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2$$

Question 3

A facultative anaerobe is best described as an organism that:

Accepted Answer

Can survive with or without oxygen by switching between aerobic respiration and fermentation.

Question 4

Which pigment is primarily responsible for absorbing light energy during photosynthesis in plants?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll a

Question 5

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP synthase in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.

Question 7

A scientist observes that a certain cell line continues to divide even when crowded and detached from a surface. Which property is most likely lost in these cells?

Accepted Answer

Both density-dependent and anchorage-dependent inhibition

Question 8

Which enzyme catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin Cycle?

Accepted Answer

Rubisco

Question 9

In the process of binary fission, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

The cell duplicates its DNA and divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why bread rises during baking?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol fermentation by yeast produces $$CO_2$$, which forms bubbles in the dough.

Question 11

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle is primarily responsible for ensuring that DNA is undamaged before replication?

Accepted Answer

G1 checkpoint

Question 12

A cell is observed to have a cell plate forming during cytokinesis. This cell is most likely:

Accepted Answer

A plant cell

Question 13

Which of the following statements about stem cells is correct?

Accepted Answer

Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into almost any cell type in the body.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of the events during anaphase of mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite poles of the cell.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of NADPH in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

It carries high-energy electrons to the Calvin Cycle for carbon fixation.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of lactic acid fermentation?

Accepted Answer

Production of yogurt from milk by bacteria

Question 17

A mutation causes a cell to ignore apoptosis signals. What is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The cell may become cancerous due to uncontrolled division.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why HEKLA cells are important in biological research?

Accepted Answer

They are immortal cancer cells that can divide indefinitely in culture.

Question 19

Which of the following is true about the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll absorbs light most efficiently in the blue and red regions of the spectrum.

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with a benign tumor. Which of the following best describes this tumor?

Accepted Answer

It is a mass of cells that does not invade surrounding tissues.

Fermentation, Photosynthesis, and Cell Division: Study Guide

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