Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a scientific law and a scientific theory?

Accepted Answer

A law is a universal principle derived from inductive reasoning, while a theory is a well-accepted explanation developed through deductive reasoning.

Question 2

In the Miller-Urey experiment, what was the most significant finding regarding the origin of life?

Accepted Answer

It showed that amino acids and nucleotides could be synthesized abiotically under early Earth conditions.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of early Earth (around 3.8 billion years ago)?

Accepted Answer

Ozone layer

Question 4

Which macromolecule is primarily hydrophobic and does NOT easily mix with water?

Accepted Answer

Triglyceride

Question 5

A thick plant root is chemically analyzed and found to contain mainly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 molar ratio. What macromolecule is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a domain of life?

Accepted Answer

Protist

Question 7

Which cell division process yields genetically dissimilar daughter cells?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT part of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 9

The sodium-potassium pump in animal cells is an example of which type of membrane transport?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 10

Which disease is associated with a lysosomal enzyme deficiency, leading to accumulation of glycolipids in nerve cells?

Accepted Answer

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 11

Which of the following statements about phospholipids is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They are amphipathic, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

Question 12

Which organelle is the site of cellular respiration and contains its own DNA, inherited only from the mother?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why oxygen and carbon dioxide can readily diffuse across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They are nonpolar and small, allowing them to pass through the hydrophobic core.

Question 14

Which process describes the movement of water across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 15

A mutation in the gene for hemoglobin causes sickle cell anemia. What is the evolutionary significance of carrying one copy of this mutated gene?

Accepted Answer

It provides natural resistance to malaria in certain environments.

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas to signal the liver to release glucose into the blood?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of homology?

Accepted Answer

The forelimbs of whales and the arms of humans

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of negative feedback in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It offsets changes by triggering responses in the opposite direction.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about mutations is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The environment determines whether a mutation is beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Linear chromosomes

Foundations of General Biology: Scientific Method, Origins of Life, Macromolecules, Cells, and Evolution

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