Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype is the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA, which directs the formation of proteins that determine phenotype.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

RNA forms a double helix, while DNA is single-stranded.

Question 3

During transcription, which enzyme is responsible for linking RNA nucleotides together?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 4

What is the function of introns in eukaryotic genes?

Accepted Answer

They are non-coding regions that are removed from pre-mRNA before translation.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for one amino acid.

Question 6

If a segment of DNA has the sequence 3'-TACGGTACC-5', what is the corresponding mRNA sequence produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

$$5'-AUGCCAUGG-3'$$

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is described as 'universal'?

Accepted Answer

Human RNA can be translated by bacterial ribosomes to produce the same proteins.

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct order of events in the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

Transcription → RNA splicing → Translation

Question 9

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from 3'-TAC-5' to 3'-TAG-5'. What is the effect on the resulting protein?

Accepted Answer

The start codon is replaced by a stop codon, likely resulting in a truncated protein.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA matches its anticodon to the codon on mRNA and brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome.

Question 11

Which of the following is a start codon in mRNA, and what amino acid does it code for?

Accepted Answer

AUG; Methionine

Question 12

What would happen if introns were not removed from pre-mRNA before translation?

Accepted Answer

The resulting protein would likely be nonfunctional due to the inclusion of non-coding sequences.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the structure of a ribosome?

Accepted Answer

Two subunits made of proteins and rRNA that coordinate mRNA and tRNA during translation.

Question 14

During transcription, in which direction does RNA polymerase read the DNA template?

Accepted Answer

$$3' \rightarrow 5'$$

Question 15

A scientist introduces a human gene into a bacterial cell. The bacteria successfully produce the human protein. What property of the genetic code allows this to happen?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code is universal across all organisms.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct pairing of RNA bases during transcription?

Accepted Answer

Uracil pairs with Adenine

Question 17

Which process occurs in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why multiple codons can code for the same amino acid?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code is redundant, allowing for some variation in the third base of the codon.

Question 19

A mutation in the DNA changes a codon from UUU to UUA in the mRNA. If UUU codes for phenylalanine and UUA codes for leucine, what type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of mRNA in the process of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for translation.

From Genes to Proteins: Transcription and Translation

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