Q: In the fifth image, the reaction labeled 'A' involves the breakdown of a disaccharide. What type of reaction is this, and what is the general equation for this process?

Hydrolysis; $\text{Disaccharide} + H_2O \rightarrow \text{Monosaccharide}_1 + \text{Monosaccharide}_2$

Question 1

Which functional group is present in molecule (a) in the second image, and what property does it confer to organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group; increases polarity and solubility in water

Question 2

In the fifth image, the reaction labeled 'A' involves the breakdown of a disaccharide. What type of reaction is this, and what is the general equation for this process?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis; $	ext{Disaccharide} + H_2O ightarrow 	ext{Monosaccharide}_1 + 	ext{Monosaccharide}_2$

Question 3

Refer to the sixth image showing two fatty acid chains. Which chain is likely to be solid at room temperature, and why?

Accepted Answer

The chain with only single bonds; because saturated fats pack tightly

Question 4

In the seventh image, what is the structural difference between fatty acid A and fatty acid B, and what is its biological significance?

Accepted Answer

A is a trans fat, B is a cis fat; cis fats are healthier due to their bent structure

Question 5

Based on the eighth image, which amino acid R group is polar, and what effect does this have on protein structure?

Accepted Answer

The R group with -CH2-OH; increases hydrogen bonding and solubility

Question 6

The molecule in the ninth image is ATP. Which part of ATP is responsible for its ability to store and release energy?

Accepted Answer

The triphosphate group; hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate releases energy

Question 7

In the tenth image, what type of macromolecule is shown, and what is its primary function in cells?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acid; encodes and transmits genetic information

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis builds polymers by removing water; hydrolysis breaks polymers by adding water

Question 9

A mutation causes a non-polar amino acid to be replaced by a polar amino acid in the active site of an enzyme. What is the most likely effect on enzyme function?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme's substrate binding may change due to altered hydrogen bonding

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct general formula for a carbohydrate monomer?

Accepted Answer

$C_nH_{2n}O_n$

Question 11

Which functional group is present in all amino acids and is responsible for their basic properties?

Accepted Answer

Amino group ($-NH_2$)

Question 12

Which of the following statements about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds and are typically liquid at room temperature

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why trans fats are considered unhealthy compared to cis fats?

Accepted Answer

Trans fats stack more tightly, raising LDL cholesterol and risk of heart disease

Question 14

Which macromolecule is composed of nucleotide monomers, and what is the bond that links these monomers together?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acid; phosphodiester bond

Question 15

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the structure of their phospholipids. Which cellular function is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Cell membrane integrity and transport

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct representation of the hydrolysis of ATP?

Accepted Answer

$ATP + H_2O ightarrow ADP + P_i + 	ext{energy}$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the R group in amino acids?

Accepted Answer

It determines the amino acid's charge and its interactions with other molecules

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of a phosphodiester bond?

Accepted Answer

A bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another

Question 19

A scientist is studying a molecule with the formula $C_{16}H_{32}O_2$. Which class of macromolecule does this most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Lipid (fatty acid)

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