Question 1

Which of the following best describes the 'Central Dogma' of molecular biology in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

During transcription in bacteria, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 3

What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon.

Question 4

Which of the following processes occurs in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Transcription processing (such as splicing of introns)

Question 5

In the process of translation, what is the correct order of the three main stages?

Accepted Answer

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Question 6

Which site of the ribosome is responsible for holding the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

P site

Question 7

What is the function of the 5' cap in eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

It helps ribosomes recognize and bind to the mRNA for translation.

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the formation of a phosphodiester bond during RNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{NTP} + (RNA)_{n} \rightarrow (RNA)_{n+1} + PP_i$

Question 9

A mutation prevents the removal of introns from a eukaryotic pre-mRNA. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA will contain extra sequences, possibly resulting in a nonfunctional protein.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about bacterial gene expression is correct?

Accepted Answer

Transcription and translation can occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm.

Question 11

During eukaryotic transcription, which of the following is true regarding RNA polymerases?

Accepted Answer

There are multiple RNA polymerases, each specialized for different RNA types.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why post-translational modifications are important for protein function?

Accepted Answer

They can alter protein activity, localization, and stability.

Question 13

A scientist observes that a bacterial cell can rapidly respond to environmental changes by producing new proteins. Which feature of bacterial gene expression enables this rapid response?

Accepted Answer

Coupled transcription and translation in the cytoplasm

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct pairing between a codon and its corresponding anticodon on tRNA?

Accepted Answer

Codon: 5'-AUG-3'; Anticodon: 3'-UAC-5'

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of snRNPs in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They are involved in splicing introns from pre-mRNA.

Question 16

A patient has a genetic disorder that affects the phosphorylation of proteins. Which cellular process is most likely to be directly impacted?

Accepted Answer

Post-translational protein modification

Question 17

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes are made of both rRNA and proteins.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-life example of post-translational modification affecting protein function?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a phosphate group to an enzyme, changing its activity

Question 19

If a mutation occurs in the promoter region of a bacterial gene, which process is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Transcription initiation

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why eukaryotic gene expression is more complex than bacterial gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes require more transcription initiation factors and have additional processing steps.

Gene Expression and the Central Dogma in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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