Question 1

Which statement best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Question 2

A mutation in the gene encoding an enzyme required for pigment synthesis in donkeys leads to a change in coat color. Which process directly links this genetic change to the observed phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Translation of mRNA to protein

Question 3

During transcription, which strand of DNA is used as the template for RNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

The template strand

Question 4

Which of the following modifications occur to eukaryotic pre-mRNA before it becomes mature mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a 5' guanine cap and a poly-A tail

Question 5

A scientist isolates a gene from a jellyfish and expresses it in a tobacco plant, resulting in the plant glowing in the dark. Which property of the genetic code makes this possible?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code is universal

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of ribozymes?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing DNA from RNA templates

Question 7

A base substitution mutation changes a codon from $\mathrm{GAA}$ to $\mathrm{GUA}$ in the coding sequence of hemoglobin. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why frameshift mutations often have more severe effects than point mutations?

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutations alter the reading frame, changing all downstream amino acids.

Question 9

Which of the following is a direct result of alternative splicing in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Multiple proteins can be produced from a single gene.

Question 10

A ribosome begins translating an mRNA in the cytosol but then attaches to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). What likely caused this change?

Accepted Answer

A signal peptide sequence in the growing polypeptide

Question 11

Which enzyme is responsible for adding the correct amino acid to a tRNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 12

Which of the following is true about the initiation of translation in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Translation always begins at an AUG codon.

Question 13

A mutation creates a premature stop codon in the coding region of a gene. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The protein will be truncated and likely nonfunctional.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a possible final product of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 15

Which process is responsible for removing introns from pre-mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Spliceosome-mediated splicing

Question 16

A cell is exposed to UV light, resulting in the formation of thymine dimers. What must occur before DNA replication can proceed?

Accepted Answer

The cell must remove and replace the damaged DNA segments.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes a gene?

Accepted Answer

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein or functional RNA.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world application of recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

Producing insulin in bacteria for medical use

Question 19

If a mutation occurs in the promoter region of a gene, which process is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Transcription initiation

Question 20

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins for secretion or membrane insertion.

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

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