Q: Which equation best represents the calculation of membrane potential based on ion concentrations?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion outside}]}{[\text{ion inside}]} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the unity and diversity of cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells vary in appearance and function, but share basic chemistry such as DNA to RNA to protein.

Question 2

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 3

A scientist observes a cell under a microscope and notes the presence of a nucleus, mitochondria, and rough ER. Which classification does this cell belong to?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryote

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

Store genetic information

Question 5

Which chemical bond is responsible for holding together the monomers in a polysaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic bond

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds, causing kinks in the chain.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct representation of the phosphodiester bond found in nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{C}$$ bond linking the 3' carbon of one sugar to the 5' carbon of the next via a phosphate group

Question 8

A protein's function is most directly dependent on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Its amino acid sequence and resulting three-dimensional shape

Question 9

Which level of protein structure is defined by the overall 3D conformation of a single polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary

Question 10

Which of the following types of non-covalent interactions is primarily responsible for the formation of alpha helices and beta sheets in proteins?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds

Question 11

A mutation causes a protein to misfold and aggregate in neurons, leading to neurodegenerative disease. Which structure is most likely formed?

Accepted Answer

Amyloid structure

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in neurons?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to actively transport Na+ out and K+ into the cell, maintaining membrane potential.

Question 13

Which equation best represents the calculation of membrane potential based on ion concentrations?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion outside}]}{[	ext{ion inside}]} ight)$$

Question 14

Which of the following statements about osmosis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of coupled transport in cells?

Accepted Answer

Glucose and Na+ symport in intestinal epithelial cells

Question 16

Which experiment demonstrated that membrane proteins can move within the plane of the membrane?

Accepted Answer

FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) experiment

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the phospholipid bilayer is correct?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids rarely cross the bilayer but move freely within the plane.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a method used to fractionate sub-cellular compartments?

Accepted Answer

PCR amplification

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of a ligand-gated ion channel?

Accepted Answer

It opens in response to binding of a specific molecule (ligand).

Question 20

Which of the following modifications can regulate protein activity in cells?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation

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