Q: Which equation correctly represents the relationship between membrane potential ($V_m$), ion concentration gradients, and temperature according to the Nernst equation?

$V_m = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selectively permeable barrier, regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell. Which type of solution is the cell most likely in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis of proteins that are exported from the cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the change in free energy ($\Delta G$) for a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$

Question 5

Which statement best explains why enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes physically interact with substrates to stabilize the transition state.

Question 6

A researcher observes that a cell is able to transport glucose against its concentration gradient. Which process is most likely responsible for this transport?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It stabilizes membrane fluidity across temperature changes.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a second messenger in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

Question 9

Which process allows large molecules such as proteins to cross the plasma membrane into the cell?

Accepted Answer

Endocytosis

Question 10

Which cytoskeletal component is primarily responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 11

Which of the following best describes feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

The end product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme involved early in the pathway.

Question 12

A cell is exposed to a toxin that disrupts the function of ribosomes. Which cellular process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding competitive inhibition of enzymes?

Accepted Answer

The inhibitor binds to the active site, preventing substrate binding.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion

Question 16

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between membrane potential ($V_m$), ion concentration gradients, and temperature according to the Nernst equation?

Accepted Answer

$V_m = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the role of ATP hydrolysis in cellular work?

Accepted Answer

ATP hydrolysis releases energy that is directly used to drive endergonic reactions via energy coupling.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of allosteric regulation of an enzyme?

Accepted Answer

A molecule binds to a site other than the active site, changing the enzyme's activity.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Glucose entering a muscle cell via a GLUT transporter protein.

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