Question 1

Which statement best summarizes the Cell Theory?

Accepted Answer

All living organisms are composed of cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus, while eukaryotic cells possess one.

Question 3

Which organelle is unique to plant cells and is responsible for photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplast

Question 4

How are homologous chromosomes different from sister chromatids?

Accepted Answer

Homologous chromosomes are similar but not identical chromosomes inherited from each parent, while sister chromatids are identical copies formed during DNA replication.

Question 5

Why do humans have chromosome pairs?

Accepted Answer

Humans inherit one chromosome of each pair from each parent, resulting in homologous pairs.

Question 6

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 7

If a cell with a diploid number of $2n = 8$ undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will each gamete contain?

Accepted Answer

$n = 4$

Question 8

Which statement best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 9

A benign tumor differs from a malignant tumor in which way?

Accepted Answer

Benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissues, while malignant tumors can spread and invade other tissues.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

Accepted Answer

Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation, so each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

Question 11

In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals ($Aa 	imes Aa$), what is the expected genotypic ratio of the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$1:2:1$ (AA:Aa:aa)

Question 12

Which term describes an organism with two different alleles for a particular gene?

Accepted Answer

Heterozygous

Question 13

A woman who is a carrier for a sex-linked recessive disorder (X$^N$X$^n$) and a man who is unaffected (X$^N$Y) have a son. What is the probability that their son will inherit the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$50\%$

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a feature of prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of membrane-bound organelles

Question 15

If a karyotype shows an extra chromosome 21, what condition does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome

Question 16

Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the structure of a human sperm cell?

Accepted Answer

A head containing DNA, a midpiece packed with mitochondria, and a tail for movement

Question 18

Which process increases genetic variation during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over during prophase I

Question 19

A patient has a mutation in a gene that codes for a cell cycle checkpoint protein. What is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell division leading to cancer

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why sex-linked inheritance often affects males more than females?

Accepted Answer

Males have only one X chromosome, so a recessive allele on the X will be expressed.

General Biology: Cell Structure, Genetics, and Human Biology – Study Guide

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