Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have DNA located in a nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells have DNA in the cytoplasm.

Question 2

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; generates energy through cellular respiration

Question 3

Which evidence most strongly supports the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Both organelles contain circular DNA similar to bacterial genomes.

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between Gibbs free energy ($$\Delta G$$), enthalpy ($$\Delta H$$), temperature ($$T$$), and entropy ($$\Delta S$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S$$

Question 5

A reaction has $$\Delta G = +15 kJ/$$mol. Which statement best describes this reaction?

Accepted Answer

It is endergonic and requires energy input to proceed.

Question 6

How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

By lowering the activation energy ($$E_a) $$required for the reaction.

Question 7

Which factor would most likely decrease the activity of an enzyme in a human cell?

Accepted Answer

Increasing temperature to 60°C.

Question 8

Which of the following correctly lists the four interconnected stages of cellular respiration in order?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

Question 9

During glycolysis, glucose is converted into which molecule, and how many net ATP molecules are produced per glucose?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate; 2 net ATP

Question 10

Which process occurs in the mitochondria and is responsible for the majority of ATP production during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 11

Which statement best describes the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor, while anaerobic respiration does not.

Question 12

In photosynthesis, which equation represents the overall process?

Accepted Answer

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + light \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2$$

Question 13

Which pigment is primarily responsible for absorbing light energy in plants, and what color does it reflect?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll; reflects green light

Question 14

How does the Z scheme in photosynthesis contribute to ATP and NADPH production?

Accepted Answer

By transferring electrons from water to NADP+ and generating a proton gradient for ATP synthesis

Question 15

Which molecule is the key enzyme in the Calvin cycle responsible for carbon fixation?

Accepted Answer

RuBisCO

Question 16

Which phase of the Calvin cycle involves the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)?

Accepted Answer

Reduction

Question 17

How do C4 and CAM plants minimize photorespiration compared to C3 plants?

Accepted Answer

By separating carbon fixation from the Calvin cycle in space or time

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, generating a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

Question 19

During fermentation, which molecule is regenerated to allow glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

NAD+

General Biology: Cell Structure, Metabolism, and Photosynthesis Study Guide

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