Q: Which equation best represents the overall products of pyruvate oxidation?

$$2 \text{CO}_2$$, $$2 \text{NADH}$$, $$2 \text{Acetyl-CoA}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between kinetic and potential energy in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Kinetic energy is energy due to motion; potential energy is stored due to position or structure.

Question 2

Which equation correctly represents the change in free energy ($$\Delta G) $$for a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$

Question 3

A cell couples the hydrolysis of ATP ($$\Delta G = -7.3$$ kcal/mol) to a biosynthetic reaction ($$\Delta G = +6.5$$ kcal/mol). What is the overall $$\Delta G$$ for the coupled reaction, and is it spontaneous?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = -0.8$$ kcal/mol; spontaneous

Question 4

Which statement about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy ($$E_A) of a $$reaction.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of feedback inhibition in a metabolic pathway?

Accepted Answer

The end product of a pathway inhibits an early enzyme in the same pathway.

Question 6

During cellular respiration, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (ETC)?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 7

Which process directly produces the most ATP during aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation (via chemiosmosis)

Question 8

If cyanide blocks Complex IV of the electron transport chain, what is the most immediate effect on the cell?

Accepted Answer

Electron flow through the ETC halts, leading to cell death.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis is universal and occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 10

Which equation best represents the overall products of pyruvate oxidation?

Accepted Answer

$$2 	ext{CO}_2$$, $$2 	ext{NADH}$$, $$2 	ext{Acetyl-CoA}$$

Question 11

Which statement best explains why crossing over during meiosis must occur between non-sister chromatids?

Accepted Answer

To ensure genetic recombination between maternal and paternal DNA.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a source of genetic variation in meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Replication of DNA during S phase

Question 13

What is the chromosome number in human somatic cells and gametes, respectively?

Accepted Answer

Somatic cells: 46; Gametes: 23

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions.

Question 15

Which statement about photosynthesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Light reactions split water and produce ATP and NADPH; Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix CO$$_2.$$

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the relationship between wavelength and energy in light?

Accepted Answer

Shorter wavelength means higher energy.

Question 17

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 18

Which of the following events occurs during Meiosis I but NOT during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over between homologous chromosomes

Question 19

What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

Accepted Answer

It increases genetic diversity, which is beneficial in changing environments.

General Biology: Energy, Metabolism, Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Cell Division

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