Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between a hypothesis and a scientific theory?

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a testable statement that can be supported or refuted by experiments, while a theory is a well-substantiated explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the five major themes of life discussed in Chapter 1?

Accepted Answer

Gravity

Question 3

A scientist is testing the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth. She sets up two groups: one receives the fertilizer, and the other does not. What is the control variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

The group that does not receive the fertilizer

Question 4

Which of the following statements about atomic structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number and element identity.

Question 5

Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. How many electrons are in its outermost shell?

Accepted Answer

6

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why water is an excellent solvent for many biological molecules?

Accepted Answer

Water is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with charged and polar molecules.

Question 7

A solution has a pH of 3. Compared to a solution with a pH of 6, how much higher is the hydrogen ion concentration in the pH 3 solution?

Accepted Answer

$$10^3$$ times higher

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule and its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate: Monosaccharide

Question 9

Which type of bond is primarily responsible for the secondary structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms

Question 10

Which of the following statements about phospholipids is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

Question 11

A mutation causes a protein to lose its tertiary structure but retain its primary and secondary structures. Which of the following is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

The overall 3D shape and function of the protein

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is usually double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why hydrocarbons are hydrophobic?

Accepted Answer

They have no significant partial charges and cannot form hydrogen bonds with water.

Question 14

Which organelle is responsible for ATP generation and cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 15

A cell is observed to have a large number of ribosomes attached to its rough endoplasmic reticulum. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of proteins for export out of the cell

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modification, packaging, and shipping of proteins

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the endosymbiotic theory is supported by evidence?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and can reproduce independently within the cell.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why ATP is considered the energy currency of the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in the bonds between its phosphate groups, which can be released to power cellular processes.

Question 19

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the formation of glycosidic linkages. Which type of macromolecule synthesis is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate synthesis

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

General Biology Exam 1 Review: Foundations, Chemistry, Macromolecules, and Cell Structure

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