Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of catabolic pathways in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

They break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

Question 2

Which equation correctly represents the Gibbs free energy change ($$\Delta G) $$for a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$

Question 3

A reaction has $$\Delta G = -15 kJ/$$mol. Which of the following statements is true about this reaction?

Accepted Answer

The reaction is exergonic and will occur spontaneously.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains how enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for the reaction.

Question 5

During glycolysis, which molecule is oxidized to produce pyruvate?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct comparison between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP, while oxidative phosphorylation uses a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the main function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

To create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 8

In the absence of oxygen, how do cells continue to produce ATP?

Accepted Answer

By increasing the rate of glycolysis and using fermentation to regenerate NAD$$^+.$$

Question 9

Which of the following is a product of the citric acid cycle for each turn?

Accepted Answer

2 NADH, 1 FADH$$_2$$, 1 ATP, and 2 CO$$_2$$

Question 10

Which of the following statements about fermentation and cellular respiration is correct?

Accepted Answer

Both fermentation and cellular respiration regenerate NAD$$^+$$ from NADH.

Question 11

During mitosis, which phase is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 12

What is the main difference between somatic cells and gametes in terms of chromosome number?

Accepted Answer

Somatic cells are diploid, while gametes are haploid.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of NADP$$^+/$$NADPH in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

It carries high-energy electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO$$_2$$ into glucose.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of coupled reactions in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

The hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive the active transport of ions across a membrane.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why regulation of enzymes is important in metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

It allows the cell to respond to changes in the environment and conserve resources.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

They produce ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin cycle.

Question 18

A patient has a genetic mutation that prevents the formation of mitotic spindles. Which of the following would most likely occur in their cells?

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes would not be properly separated during mitosis.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between entropy ($$S) $$and enthalpy ($$H) in $$thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

Entropy is a measure of disorder, while enthalpy is a measure of total heat content.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the regulation of the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

Checkpoints in the cell cycle prevent uncontrolled cell division, reducing the risk of cancer.

General Biology Exam 2 Review: Metabolism, Cellular Respiration, Cell Division, and Photosynthesis

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