Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of catabolic pathways in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

They break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

Question 2

Which equation correctly represents the Gibbs free energy change ($$\Delta G) $$for a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$

Question 3

A reaction has $$\Delta G = -15 kJ/$$mol. What does this indicate about the reaction?

Accepted Answer

The reaction is exergonic and will occur spontaneously.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy, speeding up the reaction.

Question 5

During cellular respiration, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

O$$_2$$

Question 6

Which process directly produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 7

What is the main difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP, while oxidative phosphorylation uses a proton gradient and ATP synthase.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the fate of pyruvate in lactic acid fermentation?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate is converted to lactate, regenerating NAD$$^+.$$

Question 9

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 10

What structure forms between two plant cells during cytokinesis to begin separating them?

Accepted Answer

Cell plate

Question 11

Which of the following is a product of the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 12

Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplast

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Accepted Answer

Autotrophs produce their own food from inorganic sources, while heterotrophs consume organic molecules.

Question 14

Which of the following is true about the electron transport chain in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

It creates a proton gradient used to synthesize ATP.

Question 15

If a cell's regulation of mitosis fails and division occurs continuously, what is the likely result?

Accepted Answer

Cancer

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct comparison between fermentation and cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Both processes regenerate NAD$$^+$$, but cellular respiration produces much more ATP.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the role of ATP in the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for cellular work by transferring a phosphate group.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains how enzymes achieve specificity for their substrates?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes have a flexible active site that changes shape to fit the substrate (induced fit model).

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

ATP is produced using the energy from a proton gradient created by the electron transport chain.

Question 20

Which of the following is true about the products of mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Two genetically identical daughter cells are produced.

General Biology Exam Two Review: Metabolism, Cellular Respiration, Cell Division, and Photosynthesis

Study Guide - Practice Questions