Question 1

Which of the following best describes the unifying theory in biology known as the Cell Theory?

Accepted Answer

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a newly discovered organism and observes that it has a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Which domain does this organism most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Eukarya

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why the inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded into cristae?

Accepted Answer

To increase the surface area for ATP synthesis during cellular respiration.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$

Question 5

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the function of lysosomes. Which cellular process is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Question 6

Which of the following statements about enzyme activity is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme activity can be affected by changes in temperature and pH, which may alter the enzyme's shape and function.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition?

Accepted Answer

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while non-competitive inhibitors bind to a different site on the enzyme.

Question 8

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and may burst due to water entering the cell by osmosis.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct statement about the flow of electrons during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Electrons move from glucose to NADH to the electron transport chain to oxygen.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why fermentation is important for cells under anaerobic conditions?

Accepted Answer

It regenerates NAD$^+$ so glycolysis can continue to produce ATP.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of Rubisco in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

It catalyzes the fixation of CO$_2$ in the Calvin cycle.

Question 13

A mutation causes a plant to lack functional photosystem II (PSII). Which of the following would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

The plant would be unable to split water and produce oxygen during photosynthesis.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of telomerase in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It extends the ends of linear chromosomes to prevent loss of genetic information during replication.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is correct?

Accepted Answer

PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences using repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the fluid mosaic model is used to describe the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

The membrane is composed of a dynamic phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that can move laterally.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

The direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP to form ATP.

Question 18

A cell is observed to have a high number of ribosomes attached to its rough endoplasmic reticulum. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Production and secretion of proteins

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the structure and function of DNA?

Accepted Answer

The double helix structure allows for complementary base pairing, enabling accurate replication and information storage.

General Biology I: Core Concepts, Learning Outcomes, and Study Guide

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