Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis removes a water molecule to join monomers, while hydrolysis adds a water molecule to break polymers into monomers.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a molecule with the following structure: a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group ($\mathrm{NH_2}$), a carboxyl group ($\mathrm{COOH}$), a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group. What type of monomer is this?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid

Question 3

Which of the following functional groups is responsible for making a molecule hydrophilic and able to form hydrogen bonds with water?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group ($\mathrm{OH}$)

Question 4

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the structure of their phospholipid bilayers. Which cellular structure is most likely to be directly impacted?

Accepted Answer

Plasma membrane

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why saturated fats are solid at room temperature while unsaturated fats are liquid?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fats have no double bonds, so their fatty acid chains pack tightly, while unsaturated fats have double bonds that create kinks and prevent tight packing.

Question 6

A researcher observes a cell with no membrane-bound organelles and DNA located in a nucleoid region. Which type of cell is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule and its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate – Monosaccharide

Question 8

A mutation causes a protein to lose its three-dimensional shape but not its primary sequence. Which process has most likely occurred?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation

Question 9

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins that are exported out of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

A cell is observed under a microscope, and the scientist notes the presence of a large central vacuole. This cell is most likely from which type of organism?

Accepted Answer

Plant

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

They speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Question 12

A scientist wants to observe the surface details of a cell at very high magnification. Which type of microscope should they use?

Accepted Answer

Scanning electron microscope

Question 13

Which of the following statements about nucleic acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

They store and transmit genetic information.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids are well-suited to form cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

They have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form bilayers in aqueous environments.

Question 15

A student is given a diagram of a molecule with a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Which macromolecule is this a monomer for?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acid

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why cellulose cannot be digested by humans, while starch can?

Accepted Answer

Humans lack the enzyme to break the specific glycosidic bonds in cellulose.

Question 18

A cell is observed to have a high number of mitochondria. What can you infer about the function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

It is likely to require a large amount of energy.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It processes, modifies, and packages proteins for transport.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct match between a macromolecule and its function?

Accepted Answer

Proteins – catalyze biochemical reactions

General Biology: Macromolecules, Cell Structure, and Function Study Guide

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