Question 1

Which of the following best explains why unsaturated fatty acids increase membrane fluidity?

Accepted Answer

They create kinks in the phospholipid tails, preventing close packing.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than its cytoplasm. What process will most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cell by osmosis, causing it to shrink.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of active transport?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-potassium pump moving ions against their concentration gradients.

Question 4

During cell communication, which step involves the conversion of a signal to a cellular response?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 5

Which molecule acts as a second messenger in many signal transduction pathways?

Accepted Answer

cAMP

Question 6

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction by:

Accepted Answer

Stabilizing the transition state and bringing substrates together.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy by transferring a phosphate group to other molecules.

Question 8

During cellular respiration, which process produces the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 9

What is the net equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP}$$

Question 10

Which of the following is a product of the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

NADH

Question 11

Photosynthesis can be summarized by which equation?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2}$$

Question 12

Which molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 13

In photosynthesis, what is the primary function of NADPH?

Accepted Answer

To provide electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.

Question 14

Which process is directly responsible for the synthesis of ATP in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Chemiosmosis

Question 15

Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels. Which of the following is an example of post-transcriptional regulation?

Accepted Answer

Alternative splicing of mRNA

Question 16

A mutation causes a cell to produce a nonfunctional receptor protein. Which process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Cell communication

Question 17

Which of the following best describes cell differentiation?

Accepted Answer

Cells express different genes to perform specialized functions.

Question 18

A patient is unable to break down glucose efficiently and accumulates lactic acid. Which metabolic pathway is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Glucose entering a cell through a membrane protein down its concentration gradient.

Question 20

Which of the following is a direct result of gene expression regulation in multicellular organisms?

Accepted Answer

Cells develop specialized structures and functions.

General Biology: Midterm Exam III Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions