Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Monosaccharides are single sugar units, disaccharides are composed of two sugar units, and polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.

Question 2

A triglyceride (triacylglycerol) is formed by which chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

A dehydration synthesis reaction between one glycerol and three fatty acids, resulting in the release of three water molecules.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the effect of fatty acid saturation on triglyceride properties is correct?

Accepted Answer

Triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature because the double bonds create kinks that prevent tight packing.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Question 5

What type of bond is primarily responsible for stabilizing the secondary structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds between the backbone amide and carbonyl groups.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and thymine, while RNA contains ribose sugar and uracil.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of proteins that are secreted from the cell or inserted into membranes.

Question 8

A plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cell, causing the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall (plasmolysis).

Question 9

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules across a membrane through a protein channel, down their concentration gradient, without energy input.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a spontaneous reaction in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate, with a negative $\Delta G$.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in metabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction, increasing the rate without being consumed.

Question 12

A competitive inhibitor affects an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by:

Accepted Answer

Binding to the active site, preventing substrate binding.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the main function of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, forming water.

Question 14

During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP produced?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 15

Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate.

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the overall process of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 ightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 	ext{energy (ATP)}$

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why feedback inhibition is important in metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

It prevents the overaccumulation of the end product by inhibiting an early enzyme in the pathway.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is correct?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes osmosis?

Accepted Answer

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Question 20

Which of the following is a major function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Providing structural support and facilitating cell movement.

General Biology Study Guide: Biomolecules, Cell Structure, Membranes, Enzymes, and Cellular Respiration

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