Question 1

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis of ATP during cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 2

A cell is observed to have a high number of ribosomes attached to its rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). What does this suggest about the cell’s primary function?

Accepted Answer

It is specialized for protein synthesis.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the surface area to volume ratio for a cube with side length $l$?

Accepted Answer

$\frac{6l^2}{l^3}$

Question 5

A scientist observes that a cell has a large number of lysosomes. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular digestion and recycling of macromolecules

Question 6

Which of the following statements best explains why cells are typically small in size?

Accepted Answer

Smaller cells have a higher surface area to volume ratio, which increases efficiency of nutrient exchange.

Question 7

Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A dynamic structure with proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids.

Question 9

Which of the following molecules can most easily diffuse across a cell’s plasma membrane without the aid of transport proteins?

Accepted Answer

Small nonpolar molecules

Question 10

Which process requires energy input from the cell and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 11

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and may burst due to water influx.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the Na$^+$/K$^+$ ATPase pump in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, maintaining electrochemical gradients.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a specialized cell surface adaptation that increases efficiency of exchange with the environment?

Accepted Answer

Microvilli on intestinal epithelial cells

Question 14

Which of the following statements about osmosis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 15

A neuron transmits an electrical signal by allowing Na$^+$ ions to flow into the cell, followed by K$^+$ ions flowing out. What is the primary function of this ion movement?

Accepted Answer

To generate and propagate an action potential

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why compartmentalization within eukaryotic cells is advantageous?

Accepted Answer

It enables specialized environments for distinct cellular processes.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Accepted Answer

Lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs

Question 18

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient via transport proteins without energy input

Question 19

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell. What type of solution is this, and what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; the cell will lose water and shrink.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of active transport in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Glucose uptake in the intestines via sodium-glucose cotransporter

General Biology Study Guide: Cell Structure, Membranes, and Communication

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