$$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6 \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow 6 \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6 \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + \text{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP serves as a short-term, readily available energy currency for cellular processes.

Question 2

During cellular respiration, which of the following best represents the overall chemical equation?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6 \mathrm{O}_2 ightarrow 6 \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6 \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + 	ext{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 3

Which step in cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

Electron Transport Chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 4

A patient is diagnosed with a mitochondrial disorder that impairs the electron transport chain. Which of the following would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Increased production of lactic acid in muscle cells

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is correct?

Accepted Answer

Greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, maintaining a temperature suitable for life.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$\mathrm{O}_2)$$

Question 7

Which process in the carbon cycle removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Question 8

A scientist is studying a plant that uses the CAM pathway for photosynthesis. Which adaptation is most likely present in this plant?

Accepted Answer

Stomata open at night to reduce water loss

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic genomes are circular and lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic genomes are linear and contained within a nucleus.

Question 10

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 11

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA helicase

Question 12

A cell fails to pass the G1/S checkpoint due to DNA damage. What is the most likely outcome for this cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will repair the DNA or undergo apoptosis if the damage is irreparable.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?

Accepted Answer

Sister chromatids are identical copies formed by DNA replication, while homologous chromosomes are similar chromosomes inherited from each parent.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of tumor suppressor genes?

Accepted Answer

They repair damaged DNA and regulate the cell cycle to prevent cancer.

Question 15

A patient is found to have a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene. What is the most likely consequence of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell growth and increased risk of cancer

Question 16

Which of the following best describes apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Programmed cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells

Question 17

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before anaphase begins?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase (spindle) checkpoint

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why increased atmospheric $$\mathrm{CO}_2$$ levels contribute to climate change?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO}_2$$ absorbs infrared radiation, trapping heat in the atmosphere.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of cytokinesis in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Pinching of the cell membrane to form two separate daughter cells

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of synergistic substances?

Accepted Answer

Two drugs that, when taken together, have a greater effect than the sum of their individual effects

General Biology Study Guide: Enzymes, Metabolism, Photosynthesis, Climate Change, and Cell Division

Study Guide - Practice Questions