Q: A solution has a pH of 4. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions ($[\mathrm{H}^+]$) in this solution?

$[\mathrm{H}^+] = 1 \times 10^{-4}\ \mathrm{M}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

Question 2

Which property of water allows it to moderate temperature changes in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

High specific heat ($4.18\ \mathrm{J}/\mathrm{g}^\circ\mathrm{C}$)

Question 3

A scientist observes that ice floats on water. Which molecular property of water explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Ice has a lower density than liquid water because its molecules form an open lattice structure.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental characteristic of life according to modern biology?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Question 5

Which experiment provided evidence against the spontaneous generation hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Louis Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment

Question 6

A buffer system in human blood involves carbonic acid ($\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{CO}_3$) and bicarbonate ($\mathrm{HCO}_3^-$). What is the main function of this buffer?

Accepted Answer

To minimize changes in pH when acids or bases are added

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why nonpolar molecules do not dissolve readily in water?

Accepted Answer

Nonpolar molecules lack charge, so they do not interact with water's polar regions.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the cell theory is correct?

Accepted Answer

All living organisms are made up of cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Question 9

A solution has a pH of 4. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions ($[\mathrm{H}^+]$) in this solution?

Accepted Answer

$[\mathrm{H}^+] = 1 	imes 10^{-4}\ \mathrm{M}$

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct description of a condensation reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that forms polymers from monomers by removing water.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular processes?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides chemical energy for cellular reactions.

Question 12

Which of the following is true about the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is a double-helix composed of nucleotides.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Providing structural support and energy storage

Question 14

Which type of glycosidic linkage is found in cellulose, contributing to its structural support in plant cell walls?

Accepted Answer

$\beta$-1,4 linkage

Question 15

Which of the following statements about lipids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Lipids are nonpolar molecules that form membranes and store energy.

Question 16

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell. What will happen to the cell due to osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of active transport in cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-potassium pump using ATP to move ions against their concentration gradient

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the process of evolution by natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection acts on populations, leading to changes in heritable traits over generations.

General Biology: Study Guide for Test 1 (Chapters 1–2)

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