Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports 3 Na\^+ ions out of the cell and 2 K\^+ ions into the cell, maintaining a negative charge inside.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than its cytoplasm. What will happen to the cell, and what is the term for this type of solution?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cell, causing it to shrink; the solution is hypertonic.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of osmotic pressure ($\Pi$) using van't Hoff's law?

Accepted Answer

$\Pi = iCRT$

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct example of negative feedback in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers blood glucose, reducing further insulin secretion.

Question 5

Which type of membrane protein is primarily responsible for facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells?

Accepted Answer

Carrier protein

Question 6

A signaling molecule binds to a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) on the cell surface. Which sequence best describes the next steps in signal transduction?

Accepted Answer

The receptor activates a G protein, which then activates an enzyme to produce a second messenger.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the same hormone can produce different responses in different cell types?

Accepted Answer

Different cells have different receptors or signal transduction pathways for the hormone.

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE about water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and often use second messengers like cAMP.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of voltage-gated ion channels in the generation of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

They open in response to changes in membrane potential, allowing rapid influx or efflux of ions.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of exocytosis in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft when vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

Reception $\rightarrow$ Transduction $\rightarrow$ Response

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between passive and active transport across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Passive transport moves substances down their concentration gradient without energy input, while active transport moves substances against their gradient using energy.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of Schwann cells in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They form the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 14

A neuron receives multiple excitatory and inhibitory signals. Which property allows it to integrate these signals and determine whether to fire an action potential?

Accepted Answer

Spatial and temporal summation at the axon hillock

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of second messengers such as cAMP in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

They amplify the signal from a receptor and activate downstream targets inside the cell.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct example of a tropic hormone?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

The membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and other molecules floating and moving within it.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of transduction in sensory systems?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of a physical stimulus into an electrical signal in a sensory receptor

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE about the difference between paracrine, synaptic, and endocrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Synaptic signaling involves neurotransmitters released at synapses to target adjacent cells.

General Biology Study Guide: Membranes, Cell Signaling, Endocrine and Nervous Systems, and the Senses

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