Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a cell that contains both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Which of the following can she conclude about this cell?

Accepted Answer

It is a eukaryotic plant cell.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in water?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, causing them to arrange with heads facing water and tails facing inward.

Question 4

Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 5

A patient has a genetic disorder that affects the structure of their lysosomal enzymes. Which cellular process is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown of macromolecules and cellular waste.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is correct?

Accepted Answer

It requires a membrane protein but does not require energy input.

Question 7

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between covalent and non-covalent interactions in biological molecules?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, while non-covalent interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and van der Waals forces.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a real-life application of membrane transport?

Accepted Answer

Glucose uptake into muscle cells via facilitated diffusion after a meal.

Question 10

A protein is found to have a high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids on its surface. Which of the following is the most likely environment for this protein?

Accepted Answer

Embedded within a cell membrane.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between free energy change ($\Delta G$), enthalpy change ($\Delta H$), entropy change ($\Delta S$), and temperature ($T$) in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S$

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are highly specific for their substrates?

Accepted Answer

The three-dimensional shape of the enzyme's active site matches only specific substrate molecules.

Question 13

A researcher observes that a certain molecule can cross the plasma membrane without the help of a protein and moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Which transport mechanism is being used?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the structure of proteins is correct?

Accepted Answer

The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

It modulates membrane fluidity by preventing tight packing of phospholipids at low temperatures and restricting movement at high temperatures.

Question 16

A cell is actively transporting sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. Which of the following best describes this process?

Accepted Answer

Active transport using the sodium-potassium pump

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, making membranes less fluid.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why water is able to cross the plasma membrane rapidly, even though it is polar?

Accepted Answer

Water moves through specialized channel proteins called aquaporins.

Question 19

A mutation causes a protein to lose its tertiary structure but retain its primary structure. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

The protein will lose its function because the three-dimensional shape is essential for activity.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the number of transport proteins in a membrane and the rate of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

The rate of facilitated diffusion increases with more transport proteins, but eventually reaches a maximum when all proteins are saturated.

General Biology Study Guide: Science, Cells, Biochemistry, and Membrane Function

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