Question 1

Which property of water is primarily responsible for its ability to moderate temperature in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Its high specific heat due to hydrogen bonding

Question 2

A solution has a pH of 4. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions $[H^+]$ in this solution?

Accepted Answer

$[H^+] = 1 	imes 10^{-4}$ M

Question 3

Which functional group is found in all amino acids and is responsible for their basic properties?

Accepted Answer

Amino group $(-NH_2)$

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between cis-trans (geometric) isomers and enantiomers?

Accepted Answer

Cis-trans isomers differ in spatial arrangement around a double bond, while enantiomers are mirror images due to an asymmetric carbon

Question 5

Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information in cells?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids

Question 6

During dehydration synthesis, which molecule is typically released as a byproduct when two monomers join?

Accepted Answer

Water $H_2O$

Question 7

A mutation in DNA changes the sequence of nucleotides. What is the most direct consequence of this change?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a protein may be altered

Question 8

Which level of protein structure is defined by the sequence of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct relationship between monomers and polymers?

Accepted Answer

Polymers are long chains made by joining monomers through covalent bonds

Question 10

Which functional group is most likely to act as an acid in aqueous solution?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group $(-COOH)$

Question 11

Which atoms are common to all macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)?

Accepted Answer

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 12

A buffer in a cell helps maintain pH by:

Accepted Answer

Accepting or donating $H^+$ ions to resist changes in pH

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why ice floats on water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep water molecules farther apart in ice than in liquid water

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a rule for protein folding?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophobic side chains are exposed to water

Question 15

Which functional group is characteristic of ATP and is involved in energy transfer?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group $(-PO_4)$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A double helix with antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases

Question 17

Which process breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 18

A protein is found to have four polypeptide chains. Which level of protein structure does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Quaternary structure

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world example of a buffer system in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The bicarbonate buffer system in blood

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship among DNA, protein, and enzyme?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains the instructions to build proteins, some of which function as enzymes

General Biology Study Guide: Water, Functional Groups, Macromolecules, and Protein Structure

Study Guide - Practice Questions