Q: Which of the following best explains why cellulose is resistant to hydrolysis in biological systems?

Cellulose contains $eta$-1,4-glycosidic linkages, which exclude water and hinder hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why cellulose is resistant to hydrolysis in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose contains $eta$-1,4-glycosidic linkages, which exclude water and hinder hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that prevents the formation of phospholipids. Which cellular structure would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

The plasma membrane, as phospholipids are its primary structural component.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the selective permeability of lipid bilayers is correct?

Accepted Answer

Small, nonpolar molecules cross the bilayer quickly, while large or charged molecules cross slowly or not at all.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between $eta$-glucose and $eta$-galactose?

Accepted Answer

They differ in the spatial arrangement of their hydroxyl groups at one carbon atom.

Question 5

A scientist observes that a cell placed in a hypertonic solution shrinks. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?

Accepted Answer

Water moves out of the cell due to higher solute concentration outside, causing the cell to shrink.

Question 6

Which of the following is a major function of glycoproteins on the cell surface?

Accepted Answer

Cell recognition and signaling, distinguishing 'self' cells from others.

Question 7

Which process is responsible for the movement of oxygen across a cell membrane without energy input?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion, driven by thermal energy.

Question 8

A triglyceride is formed by which type of chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration reaction between the hydroxyl group of glycerol and the carboxyl group of fatty acids, resulting in an ester linkage.

Question 9

Which of the following would most likely increase the permeability of a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids.

Question 10

Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing glycogen in animal cells to release glucose?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylase

Question 11

A cell is observed to have a high concentration of integral (transmembrane) proteins. What is the most likely function of these proteins?

Accepted Answer

Spanning the membrane to facilitate the passage of substances from interior to exterior.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the amphipathic nature of phospholipids?

Accepted Answer

They contain both hydrophilic (head) and hydrophobic (tail) regions.

Question 13

Which linkage type is found in starch and is important for its energy storage function in plants?

Accepted Answer

$\alpha$-1,4$ $ and $\alpha$-1,6$ $ glycosidic linkages

Question 14

Which of the following statements about ATP production from glucose is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP is the universal energy currency in cells, driving processes such as polymerization and muscle movement.

Question 15

Which of the following would most likely decrease the rate of passive diffusion across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Decreasing the temperature, which reduces thermal energy.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in cells?

Accepted Answer

Catalyzing chemical reactions as enzymes.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.

Question 18

Which of the following is true about the formation of polysaccharides?

Accepted Answer

Polysaccharides are formed by condensation reactions between monosaccharides, creating glycosidic linkages.

Question 19

Which of the following would be the best example of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Glucose entering a cell via GLUT-1 carrier protein.

General Biology Study Notes: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Membranes, and Cells

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