Question 1

Which of the following best describes the principle of conservation of energy in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Energy is transformed from one form to another, but the total amount remains constant.

Question 2

A muscle cell uses ATP to contract. Which process best explains how ATP powers this cellular work?

Accepted Answer

ATP donates a phosphate group, releasing energy that drives muscle contraction.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the overall process of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$

Question 4

During cellular respiration, which stage produces the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

Electron Transport Chain

Question 5

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions.

Question 6

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will lose water and shrink.

Question 7

Which process requires energy input from ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct comparison between diffusion and osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane, while diffusion is the movement of any molecule from high to low concentration.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are highly specific for their substrates?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes have a 3D shape that matches the active site to the substrate.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of passive transport?

Accepted Answer

Glucose moving into a cell via facilitated diffusion

Question 11

What is the main function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Harvesting chemical energy from organic molecules via cellular respiration

Question 12

Which of the following correctly describes the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

NAD+ accepts high-energy electrons during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world example of osmoregulation?

Accepted Answer

Salt/sugar preservation of food by dehydrating microbes

Question 14

Which of the following is true about the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP and NADPH produced by light reactions to synthesize glucose from CO2.

Question 15

A patient is given a drug that blocks the active site of an enzyme. What is the most likely effect?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme's activity will decrease due to inhibition.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Endocytosis imports materials into the cell, while exocytosis exports materials.

Question 17

Which of the following equations represents the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 ightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 	ext{energy}$

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the sodium-potassium pump?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to move sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their gradients.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why animal cells burst in hypotonic solutions?

Accepted Answer

Water enters the cell by osmosis, increasing internal pressure until the membrane ruptures.

Question 20

Which of the following is a multi-step process that integrates energy transformation and enzyme function in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis uses enzymes to break down glucose, transferring electrons to NAD+, which then carry energy to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

General Biology Study Notes: The Working Cell, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis

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