Question 1

Gregor Mendel is known for his foundational work in genetics. Which of the following best describes Mendel's contribution to biology?

Accepted Answer

He established the principles of inheritance through experiments with pea plants.

Question 2

A true-breeding plant with purple flowers is crossed with a true-breeding plant with white flowers. All offspring have purple flowers. What does this indicate about the purple flower allele?

Accepted Answer

It is dominant to the white flower allele.

Question 3

In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals ($$Aa 	imes Aa$$), what is the expected genotype ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$1:2:1 (AA$$:Aa:aa)

Question 4

A test cross is performed between a plant with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive plant. If all offspring display the dominant phenotype, what is the genotype of the unknown plant?

Accepted Answer

Homozygous dominant

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between phenotype and genotype?

Accepted Answer

Phenotype is the observable traits; genotype is the genetic makeup.

Question 6

In the ABO blood group system, which genotype results in type AB blood, and what is unique about the antigens present on the red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Genotype $$IAIB$$; both A and B antigens are present on the cell surface.

Question 7

A person with type B blood has a parent with type O blood. What is the possible genotype of the type B individual?

Accepted Answer

$$IBi$$

Question 8

In a dihybrid cross between a GgSs plant and a ggSs plant, what is the expected phenotype ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

3 Green Striped : 1 Green Solid : 3 Yellow Striped : 1 Yellow Solid

Question 9

Which of the following best describes incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

The heterozygote displays a phenotype intermediate between the two homozygotes.

Question 10

A pedigree chart shows a trait that appears in every generation and affects both males and females equally. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 11

Which statement about polygenic inheritance is correct?

Accepted Answer

Multiple genes contribute to a single trait, resulting in continuous variation.

Question 12

If two carriers for a recessive genetic disorder (heterozygotes) have a child, what is the probability that the child will be affected by the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{4}$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes codominance?

Accepted Answer

The heterozygote expresses both alleles equally in the phenotype.

Question 14

A gene has three alleles: $$A_1$$, $$A_2$$, and $$A_3. If$$ $$A_1$$ and $$A_2$$ are codominant and $$A_3 is $$recessive, which genotype would result in both $$A_1$$ and $$A_2$$ traits being expressed?

Accepted Answer

$$A_1A_2$$

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of pleiotropy?

Accepted Answer

A single gene affects multiple unrelated traits, such as sickle cell anemia causing both anemia and resistance to malaria.

Question 16

Linked genes are inherited together more often than not. What is the primary reason for this?

Accepted Answer

They are located close together on the same chromosome.

Question 17

Recombination frequency is used to estimate the distance between genes on a chromosome. If two genes have a recombination frequency of 10%, what does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

The genes are relatively close together on the chromosome.

Question 18

A woman who is a carrier for a sex-linked recessive disorder (X-linked) has a child with a man who does not carry the allele. What is the probability that their son will be affected?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{2}$$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes a Punnett square?

Accepted Answer

A diagram used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross.

Question 20

In a real-world scenario, a hospital must match blood donors and recipients. If a patient with type O blood needs a transfusion, which blood types can safely donate to them?

Accepted Answer

Only type O

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