Question 1

Which of the following best describes incomplete dominance in genetic inheritance?

Accepted Answer

The heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.

Question 2

A child inherits blood type AB from their parents. Which pattern of inheritance does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Codominance

Question 3

Which equation best represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a population with two alleles, $p$ and $q$?

Accepted Answer

$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$

Question 4

Which of the following is a major advantage of the Human Genome Project?

Accepted Answer

It provided a complete map of all human genes, enabling better understanding of genetic diseases.

Question 5

A scientist uses PCR to amplify a segment of DNA. Which of the following is NOT required for PCR?

Accepted Answer

Restriction enzymes

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why polygenic traits, such as human height, show a continuous range of phenotypes?

Accepted Answer

They are influenced by multiple genes, each contributing a small effect.

Question 7

A karyotype is most useful for detecting which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 21

Question 8

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the effect of environment on gene expression?

Accepted Answer

A person with a genetic predisposition to diabetes develops the disease after a high-sugar diet.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of CRISPR technology in biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Editing specific genes within an organism's genome

Question 10

Down syndrome is caused by which chromosomal abnormality?

Accepted Answer

Trisomy 21

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the evolutionary advantage of keeping certain alleles in the gene pool?

Accepted Answer

It maintains genetic diversity, allowing populations to adapt to changing environments.

Question 12

Which process is used to separate DNA fragments by size for analysis?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Question 13

A patient is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. Which genetic concept explains why the disease persists in populations where malaria is common?

Accepted Answer

Heterozygote advantage

Question 14

Which of the following is a potential ethical issue associated with biotechnology applications?

Accepted Answer

Privacy concerns related to genetic information

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of DNA profiling?

Accepted Answer

Sequencing the entire genome

Question 16

Which of the following best describes a polygenic trait?

Accepted Answer

A trait influenced by multiple genes, resulting in a range of phenotypes

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct medical application of biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Using genetically modified bacteria to produce insulin for diabetic patients

Question 18

Which of the following statements about gene therapy is correct?

Accepted Answer

It involves replacing defective genes with functional ones to treat genetic disorders.

Question 19

A population of moths has two alleles for wing color: $B$ (black) and $b$ (white). If the frequency of $B$ is 0.7 and $b$ is 0.3, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes ($Bb$) under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$0.42$

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing insertion or removal of genes.

Genetics, Human Genome, and Biotechnology: Study Notes for General Biology

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